Hazards past paper questions 4 Flashcards
Suggest two factors that influence the distribution of a tropical cyclone. [4]
- Sea temperatures – Tropical cyclones tend to develop where temperatures are higher 24-27 degrees (1) this means that convection currents will be high enough to maintain the cyclone vortex (1)/provides energy to feed
the cyclone. OR - Cyclones tend to develop in the tropics (1) as this where the temperature and humidity are highest (1) OR
- Low air pressure pulls wind in and increasing intensity (1) this churns up the water developing the cyclone (1) OR
- Strong winds caused by the Coriolis effect (1) gives a tropical cyclone its rotation anticlockwise in the northern hemisphere (1)
State one human factor that affects the impact of a tectonic hazard. [1]
- Education / knowledge / awareness (1) OR
- Emergency plan / warning systems / prediction /management (1) OR
- (Level / quality) of infrastructure (1) OR
- Age / quality / strength of buildings (1) OR
- (Level of) development (1) OR
- Population density / population age (1) OR
- Land-use (1)
Explain one cause of an earthquake event. [2]
- A sudden tremor of the earth’s crust (1) Caused by tectonic activity at plate margins and faults (1) OR
- Earthquakes are caused by built up pressure inside the earths’ crust (1) which is released when tectonic plates move (1)
Identify the statement below that best describes the epicentre of an earthquake. (1)
A the area around the earthquake on the surface
B the point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus
C the area around the earthquake underground
D the location underground where the earthquake occurs
B the point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus
State one measure of earthquake intensity. [1]
Mercalli scale (1) OR
Moment Magnitude scale / MM / MMI / MMS (1) OR
Richter scale (1)
Explain why some countries are more vulnerable than others to the impacts of
natural hazards. [4]
- Lack of education (1) meaning people don’t know what to do (1). Lack of emergency planning (1) meaning when the event occurs
there is little or no response in a short period of time (1) OR - Low level of economic development (1) meaning there is no resource available to respond (1) resulting in chaos and panic when
the event occurs (1) and a lack of resource to rebuild (1) OR - Some countries experience a high frequency of natural hazards (1) which means that they do not have enough time / money to respond sufficiently (1) so additional money needs to be spent on recovery (1) which limits opportunity for increasing the level of
development (1)
Suggest a factor that influences the cause and another factor that influences the
direction of tropical cyclones. [4]
Cause
Warm sea temperatures (1) Tropical cyclones tend to develop where temperatures are above 27 degrees (1) Low air pressure (1) which pulls water high as the cyclone gathers speed (1)
Direction
Tropical cyclones move in the direction of the prevailing wind (1) these are common wind directions caused by convection currents / earth’s rotation / Coriolis Effect / Trade Winds (1)
State one characteristic of a volcanic eruption. [1]
- lava (1) OR
- ash clouds (1) OR
- gas emissions (1) OR
- lava bombs (1) OR
- earthquakes / tremors (1) OR
- pyroclastic flow (1) OR
- mudslide / mass movement (1) OR
Analyse the use of GIS in managing earthquake risk. [4]
- Road structures identified through GIS could be used to enable emergency aid to get to an earthquake zone more quickly enabling the
relief effort to start. - Coordinated GIS maps shared with all support agencies can enable a more coordinated relief effort ensuring resources are not wasted /deployed in the wrong area.
- Using GIS can help plan in the short term where services where before and where they can be built afterwards
Analyse the use of hazard, vulnerability and risk mapping in reducing the impact
of earthquakes. [4]
- Hazard/vulnerability/risk maps can be used in a variety of ways before, during and after a hazardous event. [1]
- Candidates should examine how the use of Hazard maps can impact against impacts. [1]
- Road structures identified through hazard maps could be used to enable emergency aid to get to an earthquake zone more quickly enabling the relief effort to start. [1]
- Hazard maps shared with all support agencies can enable a more coordinated relief effort ensuring resources are not wasted /deployed in the wrong area. [1]
- Using hazard maps can help plan in the short term where services where before and where they can be built afterwards [1]
Identify one feature that can make a building more tsunami resistant. [1]
- The building is on stilts (1) OR
- The building is off the ground (1) OR
- Idea of strong / reinforced base (1) OR
- Shatterproof windows (1)
Explain one physical impact of a volcanic eruption [2]
- Ash from the volcano is ejected into the atmosphere (1) the ash causes physical damage to property and agricultural land (1) OR
- Lava flows ejected from the volcano can travel up to 10km (1) destroying buildings and agricultural land (1) OR
- Impact ash from the volcano mixes with mud and water (1) creating a mudflow which destroys building and farmland (1)
Identify the statement below that best describes a destructive (convergent) plate
margin. (1)
A the plates pull apart and magma rises
B the plates push together and both plates are destroyed
C the plates pull apart and volcanoes erupt
D the plates push together and one plate is destroyed
D the plates push together and one plate is destroyed
Explain one way earthquakes can form tsunamis [3]
- Earthquakes under the sea bed form shock waves (1) this forms a wave which splits (1). The wave then gets bigger (amplifying)
and hits the shore (1), OR - Tectonic plate movement can trigger an underwater earthquake (1) which causes tremors under water causing waves (1)
the waves can increase in height over a large distance (1)
Identify one measurement of a volcanic hazard. (1)
A Volcanic Mercalli Scale
B Volcanic Saffir-Simpson Scale
C Volcanic Explosivity Index
D Volcanic Eruption Source
C Volcanic Explosivity Index
