Hazards past paper questions 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Volcanic eruptions can differ in character. Discuss two differences [4]
A
- Some produce more ash which can lead to damage and disruption very long distances away from the eruption. OR
- Others may cause pyroclastic flows or lahars which make it difficult to prevent any damage and have the potential to lead to greater destruction and /or casualties.
2
Q
State one factor that can affect tropical cyclone formation. [1]
A
- (Warm sea surface) temperature (1) OR
- Coriolis force (1) OR
- Wind shear (1) OR
- Converging winds (1) OR
- Air pressure (1) OR
- Latitude (1) OR
- Climate / seasonality (1)
3
Q
Explain one way building design can help prepare for earthquakes [3]
A
- Building designs can ensure they are less likely to damage during an earthquake event (1) through steel frames that sway during the earth’s movement / rubber shock absorbers in foundations (1) which means it is less likely to create debris (1). OR
- Buildings which were originally built without
earthquakes in mind can be retrofitted (1) for example wire mesh to try and strengthen buildings (1) and reduce the number of buildings which would collapse (1). OR - Buildings can be designed with lightweight roofs or safety glass (1) so that they are less likely to break during an event (1) and so reduce the number of injuries (1). OR
- Strict building codes (1) ensure buildings are built to reduce movement during an earthquake (1) making them less likely to collapse (1).
4
Q
Identify a potential short-term impact of a Tropical cyclone [1]
A
- Flooding (1) OR
- Damage to buildings (1) OR
- Power cuts (1) OR
- Trees blown down (1) OR
- Homelessness (1) OR
- Deaths / injuries (1) OR
- Habitats destroyed (1)
5
Q
Suggest a long-term impact of an earthquake [1]
A
- Homelessness (1) OR
- Outbreaks of disease (1) OR
- Lost income for businesses (1) OR
- High costs of rebuilding (1) OR
- Power cuts (1)
6
Q
Identify a type of plate boundary. (1)
A asymmetrical
B constructive
C hot spot
D mantle
A
B constructive
7
Q
Identify a feature of a tropical cyclone. (1)
A crater
B constructive
C eye
D mantle
A
C eye
8
Q
Explain how volcanoes are formed at a destructive plate boundary. [4]
A
- Oceanic and continental plates move towards each other (1). Oceanic plate melts as it sinks below the continental (1) as the temperature increases with depth in the Earth’s crust (1) this creates magma which rises through the continental crust to form a volcano (1). OR
- Two tectonic plates move towards each other / meet (1) one is pushed under the other /subducted (1) and melts due to the heat within the Earth’s crust (1) and the resulting magma rises to the crust’s surface to
form volcanoes (1).
9
Q
Explain one factor that affects the distribution of tropical cyclones. [2]
A
- Tropical cyclones need a supply of heat and moisture from the ocean surface to form (1) so they are usually found in between the tropics (1). OR
- Tropical cyclones need warm waters (of at least 26 degrees celsuis) to form (1) so they are distributed around the equator (1). OR
- Tropical cyclones are found between the tropics (1) because they require low air pressure (1). OR
- A circulatory motion of air (1) caused by the Coriolis force (1).
10
Q
Explain two reasons why people continue to live in areas at risk of tropical cyclones [4]
A
- Residents are aware of the risk but accept that as part of life in that area (1) but do not feel the risk is high enough to move home (1). OR
- Education of local people in areas at risk of
tropical cyclones (1) so they know how to
respond during an event for example where the nearest shelter is (1). OR - Despite information sharing about the risks of tropical cyclones (1) local residents may not have the resources to move away (1). OR
- People may be financially unstable (1) so have no choice but to stay (1)
11
Q
Explain one long-term impact of a tropical cyclone [2]
A
- Damage to infrastructure (1) which requires heavy investment from the government (1). OR
- Peoples’ homes are destroyed (1) so can lead to homelessness and development of makeshift settlements (1). OR
- Damage to crops (1) which means farmers risk having no money to buy seeds for next season (1).
12
Q
Explain why earthquakes occur at destructive plate margins. [4]
A
- Oceanic and continental plate move towards each other (1). Oceanic plate melts as it sinks below the continental (1) due to friction (1). When this friction is released it causes an earthquake (1). OR
- Oceanic and continental plate move towards each other (1). The denser oceanic plate sinks beneath the continental plate (1) As the oceanic plate is still rigid (it has not started
to melt) this produces friction (1). This friction builds until seismic waves are released (1).
13
Q
Explain one way hazard mapping can help preparation for an earthquake event. [3]
A
- Hazard mapping involves making a risk assessment (1) which can help inform town and city planners (1) where buildings need to have reinforced structures /or whether planning permission should be given (1). OR
- Hazard mapping involves identifying the areas at most risk. (1) It will provide Information for the public about their level of risk based on location (1) and to support
the development of evacuation plans etc. should an earthquake take place (1).
14
Q
Identify one characteristic of a tropical cyclone. (1)
A area of very high pressure
B very little rainfall
C low wind speeds
D eye in the centre
A
D eye in the centre
15
Q
Explain two reasons why people continue to live in areas at risk from volcanoes [4]
A
- Serious eruptions may be considered to be
rare (1) and so not considered a serious
threat by residents (1). OR - Slopes of the volcano are very fertile (1) so
many people remain to be involved in
agriculture (1). OR - With so many settlements present people
may have family connections (1) which they
do not want to leave despite the risks (1). OR - Farming communities (typical in small
settlements) as crops grow well (1) because
soil is very fertile (1).
