Haematuria

Question 1

describe what frank haematuria is

Answer 1

presence of blood on macroscopic investigation, ie looking at urine

Question 2

describe what microscopic haematuria is

Answer 2

RBCs visible only on microscopic investigation

Question 3

describe what haemoglobinuria is

Answer 3

presence of free haemoglobin in urine

Question 4

describe what initial and terminal haematuria are

Answer 4

initial = blood at the start of urinating, implies urethral damage
terminal = blood at the end of urinating, suggests prostate or bladder base problem

Question 5

what suggests a ureteric cause of haematuria

Answer 5

ribbon clots

Question 6

what are the common renal causes of haematuria

Answer 6

trauma, tumours, renal cell carcinoma, calculus, glomerulonephritis

Question 7

what are the common ureter causes of haematuria

Answer 7

calculus(severe groin pain, assoc. infection)

Question 8

what are the common bladder causes of haematuria

Answer 8

calculus, cancer, acute or interstitial cystitis

Question 9

what are the common prostate causes of haematuria

Answer 9

bilateral prostate hyperplasia(BPH), carcinoma

Question 10

what are some causes of spurious(false) haematuria

Answer 10

menstruation, food(eg beetroot), myoglobin in urine, drugs(eg rifampicin), toxins

Question 11

what different investigations for haematuria

Answer 11

U+Es(assess renal), FBC(infection), clotting, cystoscopy(bladder), autoimmune scan, CT/USS(renal)

Question 12

when would an autoimmune scan be used to assess haematuria

Answer 12

if glomerulonephritis is suspected