Bladder Cancer

Question 1

what are the 2 main types of cancer that affect the bladder

Answer 1

transitional cell carcinoma(90%) and squamous cell carcinoma(10%)

Question 2

where does bladder cancer arise from

Answer 2

the endothelial lining(urothelium) of the bladder

Question 3

what is the typical presentation of bladder cancer

Answer 3

painless haematuria

Question 4

what investigations are used to diagnose bladder cancer

Answer 4

CT urogram, cystoscopy and biopsy

Question 5

are the majority of bladder cancers superficial or invasive at presentation

Answer 5

superficial

Question 6

what are the risk factors for developing bladder cancers

Answer 6

smoking and certain workplaces/products, eg hair dyes, industrial paint, rubber, motor, leather

Question 7

what are the treatment options for bladder cancer that doesn’t invade the muscle(superficial)

Answer 7

transurethral resection of bladder tumour, chemotherapy, BCG vaccine into bladder weekly at start then 3 monthly

Question 8

what are the treatment options for bladder cancer that has invaded the muscle(invasive)

Answer 8

radial cystectomy, radiotherapy, IV chemotherapy

Question 9

what are some of the less common symptoms associated with bladder cancer

Answer 9

increased frequency of urination, sudden urges to urinate, burning sensation when urinating

Question 10

what gender is bladder cancer more common in

Answer 10

men

Question 11

what staging system is used for bladder cancer

Answer 11

TNM staging