H17 - Endocrine System

Question 1

what are the main function of the endocrine system?

Answer 1

1. Maintain body homeostasis
2. Help the body to react to stress in concert with the nervous system
3. Regulate growth and development

Question 2

what are the main types of hormones?

Answer 2

• proteins and glycoproteins
• small peptide hormones
• derivates of amino acids
• steroids derived from cholesterol

Question 3

Where on the sphenoid bone is the pituitary gland located?

Answer 3

sella turcica directly below the hypothalamus

Question 4

what is another name of the pituitary gland?

Answer 4

hypophysis

Question 5

what is the anterior lob of the pituitary gland called?

Answer 5

adenohypophysis

Question 6

what is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland called?

Answer 6

neurohypophysis

Question 7

how doe the neurohypophysis develop?

Answer 7

downward growth of the hypothalamus and stays attached to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk

Question 8

What is the anterior lobe of pituitary glands developed from?

Answer 8

Rathke’s poucha

Question 9

what is Rathke’s poucha?

Answer 9

upward pocket of epithelium in the roof of the oral cavity

Question 10

how is hormones secreted in the anterior lobe?

Answer 10

controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus above

Question 11

how doe the hypothalamus control the secretion of hormones?

Answer 11

via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system.

Question 12

what hormones are secreted by the posterior lobe?

Answer 12

• oxytocin

- ADH

Question 13

name 3 hormones secreted by the anterior lobe?

Answer 13

• growth hormone
• prolactin
• TSH

Question 14

What hypothalamic hormones regulate the anterior pituitary? (3)

Answer 14

• Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
• Somatostatin
• Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Question 15

What cells produce growth hormone?

Answer 15

somatotrophs

Question 16

What cells produce thyroid stimulating hormone?

Answer 16

Thyrotrophs

Question 17

What cells produce ACTH?

Answer 17

corticotrophs

Question 18

what cells produce prolactin?

Answer 18

lactotrophs

Question 19

what stains with acid dyes?

Answer 19

acidophils

Question 20

what stains with basic dyes?

Answer 20

basophils

Question 21

what cells take up both acid or basic dyes very weakly?

Answer 21

chromophobes

Question 22

what are cidophils and basophils collectively called?

Answer 22

chromophils

Question 23

what are acidophils in the pituitary?

Answer 23

somatotrophs and lactotrophs

Question 24

what are basophils in the pituitary?

Answer 24

thyrotrophs, corticotrophs gonadotrophs

Question 25

wherre are the axons of the posterior pituitary located?

Answer 25

in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus

Question 26

What is the name for the special glial cells within the posterior pituitary?

Answer 26

Pituicytes

Question 27

what are swelllings in the axons of the posterior pituitary??

Answer 27

herring bodies

Question 28

What is the functional unit of the thyroid gland?

Answer 28

thyroid follicle

Question 29

``` what regulates - cell basal metabolism rate - heat production - growth and development in thyroid gland? ```

Answer 29

T3 and T4 | T3 is derivate of T4

Question 30

what cells are within the basal lamina that surrounds the follicle, but are not in contact with the colloid?

Answer 30

C cells

Question 31

what is secreted by C cells ?

Answer 31

calcitonin

Question 32

what is the role of calcitonin?

Answer 32

inhibits osteoclast activity and lowers blood calcium

Question 33

How does parathormone increase serum calcium? (3)

Answer 33

- stimulating release of calcium from the bone - increasing renal calcium reabsorption - increasing calcium absorption from the gut

Question 34

What are the three cell types in a parathyroid gland?

Answer 34

- chief cells - oxyphils - adipose cells

Question 35

what are the characteristics of chief cells?

Answer 35

small, lightly stained cells with dark, central nuclei they secrete PTH

Question 36

what are the characteristics of oxyphils?

Answer 36

large numbers of mitochondria

Question 37

what is the adrenal cortex formed of?

Answer 37

epithelial cells

Question 38

what is the adrenal medulla formed off?

Answer 38

neural crest cells

Question 39

what surrounds the adrenal glands?

Answer 39

thick capsule with connective tissue trabeculae extending inward through the cortex.

Question 40

what is the outer layer of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 40

Zona Glomerulosa

Question 41

what is the middle layer of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 41

Zona Fasciculata

Question 42

what is the inner layer of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 42

Zona Reticularis

Question 43

What cholesterol-based steroid hormones are involved in electrolyte and fluid homeostasis and produced in the zona glomerulosa?

Answer 43

Mineralocorticoids

Question 44

What cholesterol-based steroid hormones are produced in the zona fasciculata? They are involved in metabolism

Answer 44

Glucocorticoids

Question 45

What cholesterol-based steroid hormones are produced in the zona reticularis and produces a variety of androgens?

Answer 45

sex hormones

Question 46

What cells are found in the endocrine pancreas?

Answer 46

Islets of Langerhans

Question 47

What 3 cell types are in the pancreatic islets of the endocrine pancreas?

Answer 47

- insulin secreting cells - glucagon secreting cells - somatostatin secreting cells

Question 48

What do testes produce and secrete?

Answer 48

Produce spermatozoa and secrete testosterone

Question 49

What cells in the interstices between the seminiferous tubules in the testes are responsible for testosterone production in the testes ?

Answer 49

Leydig cells

Question 50

What do ovaries produce and secrete?

Answer 50

Produce ova and secrete oestrogen and progesterone