Group B detail (1-16) Flashcards
- The importance of cereals in animal nutrition: Cereals general info
- Monocots in the poacea family Wheat, oat, rye, barley, maize - Contains a large amount of well digestible nutrients Starch (high energy content) Fatty acid: low Protein: low Fibers: low Phosphorus: high Vitamine B (seed coat) and E (embryo) Trypsine inhibitors (low concentration)
- The importance of cereals in animal nutrition: Utilization:
- Fresh plants
- Whole grains, mealm bran flour
- Straw: food, bedding, fuel
- Medicine
- The importance of cereals in animal nutrition: Antinutritives:
- Gluten -> colic disease
- Arabinoxylan -> sticky face (IBS)
- Phytates, trypsin inhibitors -> decreased food conversion
- The importance of cereals in animal nutrition:Ergot body Claviceps purpurea
- Inhibits rye
- Induce smoot muscle contractionabortion
- Contains ergot alkaloids
- The importance of cereals in animal nutrition: E. Ganrenousus
Blood vessels narrowlimb falls off
- The importance of cereals in animal nutrition:E. Convulsivus
- High level, one time poisoning
- Headache, itching, hallucination
- The importance of pulse in animal nutrition: Pulse crops
- Fabaceae (soya bean, field bean, pea)
- Used as forage meals -> because of large seeds -> nutrients in embryonic leave
- Human food
- Animal forage
- Protein: high (rich in lysine)
- Carbohydrates: low
- Vitamine B1,B2, B3
- The importance of pulse in animal nutrition:Utilization
- Seeds: protein source
- Green parts: fresh forage, silage
- The importance of pulse in animal nutrition: antinurtive effect
- Decrease nutrient value of forage
- Chemical inhibiton of metabolism process and food conversion
- Protease inhibitors, lectins, phytic acid, saponons, tannins
- Elimination methods: heating, plant breeding, using mixture of plant species
- The importance of oil-producing plants in animal nutrition: oil plant
Sunflower, oilseed rape, flax
- Drying oils: hardens after being exposed to air for some time
- The importance of oil-producing plants in animal nutrition: antinutritve compounds
Tannins, cyanogenic glycosides, phytic acid
- The importance of oil-producing plants in animal nutrition: Nutritive value:
- Source of omega 3 and 6
- Oil
- Protein
- High content of phosphorus
- The importance of oil-producing plants in animal nutrition:Utilization
Food industry (cooking oil)
- Industry (biofuels)
- Medicine
- Forage ʹ protein supply
- Flax improves fur quality
- The importance of forage legumes in animal nutrition: General info
Forage legumes:
- Annual or perennial herbs from Fabaceae familyused for their stems and leaves
Lucern: hay, pellet, Lucerne meal essential amino acids
Red clover: more protein than Lucerne, but less essential amino acids
Crimson clover: silage, green manure, no bloating effect
Sainfoin: perfect for calves, no bloating effect
- The importance of forage legumes in animal nutrition: Nutritive value
- Rich in protein and fiber
- Rich in minerals: Mg2+, Ca2+, P
- High content of vitamin B and beta-carotine
- Pasture for honey bees
- The importance of forage legumes in animal nutrition: Utilization
Utilization:
- Grazing plants
- Hay
- Ensilage
- The importance of forage legumes in animal nutrition:Antinutritive
- Bloating: rapid ingestion by rumen microbes -> slime production ->frothy bloat
- Saponins: can cause foam in rumen -> irritation of mucous membrane
- The importance of fleshy forages in animal nutrition: General info
Large biomass High water content Low on proteins, fatty acids and fibers Easily digestible compounds: starch and sugar Laxative effect
- The importance of fleshy forages in animal nutrition:Classification
Forage plants with a: Modified taproot (increase milk production) Modified stem (storing nutrients) Fleshy leaves (high protein in leaves) Fleshy fruits
- The importance of fleshy forages in animal nutrition:Classification with nutritive value
Modified taproot: - Sugar beet: rich in saccharose Modified stem: - Potato: starch content, vitamin A, B, C and K, Antinutritive: solanin Fleshy leaves: - Forage kale: Vitamin C, protein ca 20%, may cause frothy bloat Fleshy fruits: - Marrow: high water content
- Poisonings related to cyanogenic and cardiac glycosides (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Glycosides
Glycosides = molecules with sugar + another functional group bound by a glycosidic bond
Not a single biosynthetic group
- A sugar is bound to another functional group via glycosidic bond -> glycoside
Cardiac glycosides can me subidivided into cardenolides (purple foxglove), bufadienolids
(purple hellebore) and steroidal sapogenins (white swallow wort)
- Poisonings related to cyanogenic and cardiac glycosides (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Mechanism of action for cyanogenic glycosides:
- HCN enters the tissues via mucous membranes
- Inhibits cytochrome C oxidase enzyme -> inhibits cellular respiration -> no ATP produced ->death
- CN- binds to Fe 2+ ion and inactivates the active site.
- Poisonings related to cyanogenic and cardiac glycosides (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Species
- Dwarf Russian almond: prunasin
- Red sweet grass
- Black elder
- Poisonings related to cyanogenic and cardiac glycosides (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Mechanism of action for cardiac glycosides:
- Inhibits Na+/K+ - pump (situated in the cell membrane)
- Reduce Na exchange -> increased intrcellular Na concentration.
- Na+/Ca2+- pump also inhibitedincreases intracellular Ca concentration.
- Poisonings related to cyanogenic and cardiac glycosides (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Symptoms
Cyanogenic: cherry mucose membrane, cherry colored blood, breath gets bitter almond smell, heavy breathing, spasms, stumbuling walk
Cardiogenic: Hallucination, vomiting, decreased heart rate, tachycardia, loss of color vision.
- Poisonings related to cyanogenic and cardiac glycosides (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Species
Cardenlides: purple foxglove, spring pheasant ́s eye, lily of the vally
Bufadienloides: purple hellebore.
- Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): True alkaloids
- Originate from amino acids
- Contains nitrogen in the heterocycle
- Belongs to the group Azotids
- Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Tropane alkaloids:
- Two major tropane alkaloid groups: Solanaceous alkaloids Coca alkaloids - Occur in Solanaceae - Major alkaloids is hyoscyamine (one of its enantiomers is atropine)
- Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Tropane alkaloids: Mechanism of action:
Inhibition of muscarinic cholinergic receptors
Site of action: smooth and cardiac muscles, gland cells, in peripheral ganglia and CNS
Solanaceous alkaloids are anticholinergic, reducing the activity of parasympathetic nervous system an promoting sympathetic predominance
- Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Tropane alkaloids:Symptoms
Dry mouth Dilated pupils Tachycardia Spasm, seizuresRespiratory failure - Plants: Henbane Jimson weed Deadly nightshade
- Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Isoquinoline alkaloids:
Occurs in the Papaveraceae family
Chemical origin: isoquinoline backbone from thyrosine amino acid Most imoprtan alkaloids: morphine, codeine, papaverine, rhoedine
- Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Isoquinoline alkaloids:Mechanism of action:
Opioids bounds to an opiod receptor on a neurone
Blocks Ca 2+ ions from entering the cells
Opens K+ channels = K ion influx- > hyperpolarization inhibits an action
potential to be formed -> neurons become less likely to fire -> paralyzing effect.
- Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Isoquinoline alkaloids:Symptoms
Pinpointed pupils
Limb paralysis
Slow and labored breath
Vomiting -
Plants:
Field poppy (papaver rhoas) - poisonous
Opium poppy (papaver somniferum) ʹ medicinal
- Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Pipiridine alkaloids
- Apiaceae family (carrot family)
- Biosynthesised from lysine acid (true alkaloid) or from acetate (pseudo alkaloid)
- Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Pipiridine alkaloids: Mechanisme of action ʹ coniine:
Blocks the nicotine receptors on the post-synaptic membrane of neuromuscular junctions ->blocking movments
- Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Pipiridine alkaloids: Symptoms
Uncontrolled urination
Hear rate slows down before it becomes rapid
Problems with moving (paralysis of limbs)Remains conscious until
respiratory paralysis
- Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Pipiridine alkaloids: Plant
Hemlock
8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:
Diterpene pseudo alkaloids: General info
- In plants of Ranunculaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae
- Major compounds: aconitine, taxus alkaloids
8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Diterpene pseudo alkaloids: Mechanism of action ʹ aconitine
Makes the voltage-gated Na+ ion channels permanently open-> high Na+ levels in
muscel cells inhibits Na+/Ca2+ exchangers->muscle cells cannot repolarize->
paralysis
In neurons: aconitine depolarizes both membranes of presynaptic and post synaptic
cells by opening the Na-ion channels
8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Diterpene pseudo alkaloids: Symptoms
Tingling and numbness in the mouth Motoric weakness Heart and respiration slowly starts to fail Cardiac arrest Sensation of burning
8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Diterpene pseudo alkaloids: Plants with aconitine
Wolfbane
8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Diterpene pseudo alkaloids: Taxus alkaloids + Species
Inhibiton of Na and Ca channels
Similar to symptoms of digitalis
Secies: Yew (taxus baccata)
8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Triterpenoid derivates ʹ steroidal compounds: General info
Steroidal skeleton bound with heterocycle rings (pseudoalkaloids)
- Species of lilaceae and solanaceae
8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Triterpenoid derivates ʹ steroidal compounds:Mechanism of action ʹ Solanum alkaloids
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase -> Ach accumulates ->Na ion channels stays open -> paralysis
Saponin effect: disrupts cell membranes
8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Triterpenoid derivates ʹ steroidal compounds: Plant for Mechanism of action ʹ Solanum alkaloids
Solanum nigrum (black nightshade)
8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Triterpenoid derivates ʹ steroidal compounds: Mechanism of action ʹ Veratrum alkaloids
Jervine inhibits smoothened (SMO) protein which controls embryonic development ->birth defects
8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Triterpenoid derivates ʹ steroidal compounds: Plant of Mechanism of action ʹ Veratrum alkaloids
White hellebore (veratrum album)
8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Triterpenoid derivates ʹ non-steroidal compounds: Every thing (general, plant and symptoms)
Pentacyclic molecules
- Glycosides forming saponin -> foam produced in the rumen.
- Plants: Corncockle (Agrostemma githago)
8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Thiaminase enzymes of plants: General
From nitrogen metabolism
8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Thiaminase enzymes of plants:Mechanism of action:
Enzymes cleave the thiamine (vitamin B1) and makes it biologically inactive->
thiamine deficiency
Vitamin B1 is crucial in the carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism as it works as a
coenzyme in the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex that produces acetyl-CoA
from pyruvate
Low level of acetyl-CoA can lead to metabolic coma and death
8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids: Thiaminase enzymes of plants:Symptoms
Weakness, decreased production, blue milk, enlarged heart, Ru: behavioral disorders due to cerebrocortical necrosis, ruminants are fairly resistant to thiamine deficiency, but younger animals may be affected.
some animals will also show neurological dysfunctions
8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids: Thiaminase enzymes of plants: Plant
Field horsetail
9.Poisoning of the liver and photosensitization (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Symptoms after ingestion of poisonous plants: Most frequent symptoms:
Chemical irritation
Too acidic pH
Mechanical irritation, or damage caused by thorns or cyrstals Indigestible irritation ->phytobezoars
9.Poisoning of the liver and photosensitization (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Symptoms after ingestion of poisonous plants:Spurge poisoning:
- Species: Cypress spurge (euphorbia cyparissias)
- Phorbol esters (diterpenoid compounds) -> tumor promoters through the activation of
protein kinase C - Symptoms: Inflammation of GT -> diarrhea, vomiting, cholic, mouth irritation, dermatitis,
9.Poisoning of the liver and photosensitization (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Symptoms after ingestion of poisonous plants: Ivy poisoning:
Species: ivy (hedra helix)
Hederin ʹ triterpenoid glycoside with saponin effect Saponins ʹ mechanism of action:
- Amphipati glycosides possessing both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties, leading to emulsifying effect:
- Produces foam in stomach/rumen
- If entering cell membranes ->disintegrated cell membranes
- Irritation of mucous membranes
9.Poisoning of the liver and photosensitization (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Symptoms after ingestion of poisonous plants: Oak poisoning
Species: oak species (Quercus spp.)
- Tannins (Shikimic and gallic acid derivate)
Precipitates proteins
Decreased urinary excretion, necrosis of liver and renal tubules
Symptoms: weakness, constipation, tarry diarrhea (unable to absorb water and nutrients), dehydration, tubular necrosis of kidneys
Dead after 4-7 days
May be used as medicine to stop diarrhea
9.Poisoning of the liver and photosensitization (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Symptoms after ingestion of poisonous plants: Photosenzitation
Presence of photodynamic agents in the skinÆskin becomes more susceptible to the harmful effects of the UV-light
Primary:
Photosensitizers can induce photosensitization directly
Can be injected ingested, or absorbed through skin
Secondary (hepatogenous):
Most frequent type
Photoactivate phytoporphyrins (derivied from the microbial breakdown of
chlorophylls) are accumulated in blood plasma and tissues due to liver dysfunction caused by hepatotoxins.
- Symptoms:
Develops within 24 hours and are most dangerous the first few days
Animals are scratching and rubbing
Lesions appear in less pigmented, hairless spots (nose, udder)
Skin necrosis
Skin layer sheds off
- Plants
St. John ́s wort (Hypericum perforatum)
Ragwort (Senecio spp.)
- Plant with complex effects,and nitrate poisoning (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Tansy
Asteracea (daisy family)
- In high doses it was formely applied to induce abortions
- Was not categorized as a medical plant after it was revealed a high content of thujone
- Plant with complex effects,and nitrate poisoning (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Tansy: Mechanisme of Thujone
Monoterpenoids
In the CNS: thujones act as GABA (gamma-aminobutryic acid) and binds to GABA receptors
Can open Cl-ion channels in the neurons ->Cl ions enters the neurons ->Hyperpolarization of cell membrane ->reduced neuronal excitability
GABA: chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in mammalians CNS
- Plant with complex effects,and nitrate poisoning (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Tansy: Thujone poisoning:
dermatitis and swallowing of the GT
an cause damage in liver and kidneys
- Plant with complex effects,and nitrate poisoning (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Tall buttercup (Ranunculus acris) and Marsh-Marigold (Caltha paulstris)
Ranunculaceae (buttercup family)
- Contains ranunculin
- Plant with complex effects,and nitrate poisoning (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Tall buttercup (Ranunculus acris) and Marsh-Marigold (Caltha paulstris): Mechanism of ranunculin
Inactive glycoside with no specific biological effects
Can reagt with exposed ʹ SH groups, like enzymes, DNA and RNA polymerases
Inhibits cell mitosis
Growth depression in microbes
- Plant with complex effects,and nitrate poisoning (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Tall buttercup (Ranunculus acris) and Marsh-Marigold (Caltha paulstris):Ranunculin Poisoning
Skin and mouth irritation Gastric irritation (tarry diarrhea) Seizures Labored breathing and decreased heart rate ONLY fresh plants are poisonous
- Plant with complex effects,and nitrate poisoning (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Plants with a high level of nitrate (NO3-) :effect on the body
Nitrate itself is not poisonous
Reduction to nitrite (NO2-) in the oral cavity or in the forage
- NO3 oxidizes iron (II) to iron(III) in hemoglobin -> methemoglobin (incapable of oxygen transport) ->methemoglobinemia
- Reduction of nitrite (NO2) to NO -> relaxation of SM cells -
- Plant with complex effects,and nitrate poisoning (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Plants with a high level of nitrate (NO3-): Symptoms
Blood containing methemoglobin is chocolate color Headache, weakness, chest pain Abnormal heart beat, seizures, coma Death Cyanosis: blue discoloration of skin Pale/ grey skin
- Plant with complex effects,and nitrate poisoning (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Plants with a high level of nitrate (NO3-): Plant
Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) Root crops and plants with fleshy leaves
- Poisonous plants affecting the digestive tract and producing oxalate crystals (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Plants with oxalic acid and oxalates
Araceae, Poacae, Amaranathaceae
- Poisonous plants affecting the digestive tract and producing oxalate crystals (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Water soluble oxalic acid
Irritation of GT tract
Calcium oxalate -> yhpocalcaemia ->disorder in bone development
Form oxalate crystals with ions (insoluble precipitates)
- Poisonous plants affecting the digestive tract and producing oxalate crystals (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Water insoluble oxalate crystals
Crystals can penetrate into the skin, mucous membranes ->inflammation, salvation, renal disorder -> oxalosis
Accumulates in blood, eyes, bones, muscles, heart, etc.
- Poisonous plants affecting the digestive tract and producing oxalate crystals (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Symptoms
Decreased serum Ca 2+ levels -> tremors, tetany, collapse, death
Damage of kidney tubules, renal fibrosis
Increased blood clotting time
- Poisonous plants affecting the digestive tract and producing oxalate crystals (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): PLANTS
Sheep ́s sorrel
Fleshy forage plants with enlarged taproots or fleshy leaves
12.Poisonous plants affecting more organ systems simultaneously and affecting the clotting of blood (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Yellow sweet clover (melilotus officinalis): Mechanism of action ʹ melilotoside glycoside
Plant injury -> release of cinnamic acid ->coumarin formation
Molds metabolises coumarin into dicoumarol
Coumarin inhibits vitamin K-exopide reductase -> vitamin k remain in oxidized state
(no biological effect)-> coumarin derivates = angitcoagulants
12.Poisonous plants affecting more organ systems simultaneously and affecting the clotting of blood (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Yellow sweet clover (melilotus officinalis): Symptoms
Liver damage
Stiffness and lameness (due to bleeding in the joints) Hematomas or GT bleeding
- Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): European birthwort (Aristolochia clematitis): Mechanism of action ʹ aristolochic acid
A protoalkaloid derived from thyrosine amino acid
Aristolcohic acids binds to amino groups of purines -> formation of DNA adducts (E.g. A-T becomes T:A)
- Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Bracken Fern (Pteridium aquilinum)
- Mechanism of action ʹ thiminase
Cleave of B1 vitamin -> acetyl CoA not produced -> low metabolism which can lead to death
- Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Bracken Fern (Pteridium aquilinum): Mechanism of action ʹ Prunasin
Cyanogenic glycoside -> inhibits cytochrome C oxidase enzyme -> inhibits cellular
respiration -> no ATP produced -> death
Toxin level higher in younger plants
- Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Bracken Fern (Pteridium aquilinum): Mechanism of action ʹ Ptaquiloside
A carcinogenic norsesquiterpene with a clucose -> hydrolysis and losses the glucose -> ptaquilosin
Ptaquilosin decomposes into pterosin B or DNA adductor
- Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Bracken Fern (Pteridium aquilinum): Symptoms
Ru: Blood clotting and disorder in red blood cell production, bone marrow is also
damage
Other: CNS effect
- Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Meadow saffron (Colchicum autumnale) - Mechanism of action ʹ colchicum:
Colchicine binds to tubulin-> inhibits microtubule formation
Colchine causes obstruction of cell division
- Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Meadow saffron (Colchicum autumnale) -Symptoms
Irritation of GT Burning sensation in the mouth Diarrhea Liver and kidney failure Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Paralysis
- Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Lesser periwinkle (Vinca Minor)
Toxic agents: indole alkaloids
- Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Black locust (Robinia Pseudo-acacia)
- Mechanism of action ʹ canavanine
Non-proteinogenic amino acid
Arin replaced with canavanine in nzymes -> loss of biological function
- Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Black locust (Robinia Pseudo-acacia): Mechanism of action ʹ Robin and fazin toxalbumins
Bonds with the cell membrane-> robin and fazin enters the cell
Toxic protein is carrying a lectin
Toxalbumin: inhibits protein synthesis -> multiply organs system failure Lectins: agglutinate red blood cells -> hemolysis
- Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Black locust (Robinia Pseudo-acacia): Symptoms
Vomiting, diarrhea
Weakness, depression, anorexia
Yellowish pigmentation
- Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Indian pokeweed (phytolacca acinosa)
Garden plant
- Major symptoms: irritation of GT, tumors, birth defects
- Toxic agents: triterpenoid saponins (disintegrated cell membranes, lectins, non-water
soluble crystals)
- The importance of medicinal plants in veterinary medicine (benefits, fields of application, limitations)
Phytotherapy
Phytotherapy = science-based medicinal use of plants and plant extracts for therapeutic purposes
- The importance of medicinal plants in veterinary medicine (benefits, fields of application, limitations): Applied areas
No synthetic medicines are available
- Alternative treatment
- To support the effect of synthetic medicine
- The importance of medicinal plants in veterinary medicine (benefits, fields of application, limitations): Benefits
Generally mild side effects
- Cheap treatment
- The importance of medicinal plants in veterinary medicine (benefits, fields of application, limitations): Limitation
Cannot be applied if immediate medical intervention is needed
- The lack of knowledge about the exact mechanism of action and effects of natural
compounds and mixture
- Side effects may lead to poisoning
- Misidentification
- The proportion of active constituents in medicinal plants is usually not known
- The importance of medicinal plants in veterinary medicine (benefits, fields of application, limitations): Phytotherapy in veterinary science
Animals have a different metabolism than humans and may not work on the same way
- The importance of medicinal plants in veterinary medicine (benefits, fields of application, limitations):Types of medicinal agents:
Active constituent: chemical component that gives the plant a biologically active effect
- Helper compound: no specific physiological effects, but increases the effect of the active
constituent
- Biomarker compound(s): proves the presence, or helps measuring the concentration of the
active constituent(s) -
- The importance of medicinal plants in veterinary medicine (benefits, fields of application, limitations):The drug
Can come directly from the plant organs
Can be an herbal product produced or extracted from organs
- The importance of medicinal plants in veterinary medicine (benefits, fields of application, limitations):Classification of herbal drugs:
Strength of their effects on the body (mite= mild, forte= strong)
- Number of active constituents
- Biological function of the active constituents
- Chemical structure, solubility and/or reactivity of the active constituents
- Biosynthetic pathway
15.The importance of grazing and hay in animal nutrition respectively the veterinarian aspects: Veterinarian aspect:
Each animal seeks forage most suitable for them Torn-off, bitten-off, rooted up:
15.The importance of grazing and hay in animal nutrition respectively the veterinarian aspects: Veterinarian aspect: Horse, Cattle, sheep, pig and fowl
Horse
Bite-off grazer
Extremely selective (grasses)
Cattle:
Tear-off grazer
Fleshy, delicate, soft leaves of grasses
sheep:
Bite-off grazer
Grasslands on poor, sandy soils
Pig:
root-eaters
fowl:
Pick all the green parts of the plant
15.The importance of grazing and hay in animal nutrition respectively the veterinarian aspects: Advantageous both for animals and the environment:
Animals: moves freely, eats various, gets to have a social life
- Environment: promotes and maintain biodiversity, but the presence of grazers may provide
habitats for GI worms and other parasites
15.The importance of grazing and hay in animal nutrition respectively the veterinarian aspects: Grazing methods:
Free grazing (the best for animals)
- Controlled grazing (forbidden in EU)
- Rotational grazing (systematically moved to fresh and rested pastures)
- Strip gazing (a kind of rotational grazing with more strict rules)
15.The importance of grazing and hay in animal nutrition respectively the veterinarian aspects: Grazing diseases:
Worm infections (tapeworms)
- Protozoa infection (coccidiosis)
- Insect bites: flies, clegs, wasps, ticks
- Prevention: chemical parasite control
15.The importance of grazing and hay in animal nutrition respectively the veterinarian aspects: Nutrient deficiency
Grass tetany (poor sources of magnesium and calcium ions Æ hypomagnesemia, hypocalcaemia)
- Sodium deficiency (chronic diarrhea, reduced milk production, weakness) ʹ can easily be prevented with salt licks
- Osteomalacia (low levels of phosphorus and calcium ions Æ deformation of bones, lumbering walk, paralysis etc.)
15.The importance of grazing and hay in animal nutrition respectively the veterinarian aspects:General signs to look for:
Several animals shows similar symptoms
- Pieces of poisonous plants are spat out
- Fainted or depressed animals with normal or low body temperature
- Sticky faces, frothy bloat, not normal urine
15.The importance of grazing and hay in animal nutrition respectively the veterinarian aspects: Pasture abuses: overgrazing and underutilization
Overgrazing: increased proportions of wees, soil erosion, leaching and acidification
- Underutilization: increasing proportions of reed, shrubs, and saplings of trees du to lack of
mowing
15.The importance of grazing and hay in animal nutrition respectively the veterinarian aspects: Mowing, hay, haylage:
Production of hay: Mowed at flowering stage and backed into bales
- Production of haylage: Drying of grass for 1⁄2 - 1 day, hay is shredded an ensilaged in covered balls
- Botanical hay and rumen content analysis: What to consider?: type of forage eaten and symptoms
Type of forage eaten?
Caused by hay, need to find forage origin (species composition) ʹ nutritive evaluation
- Type of symptoms:
- Prohibitive condition:
Does the hay contain poisonous, thorny or woody plant taxa, dead animals etc.?
Is it stored incorrectly (dry and grey vs. moist and brown), feces contamination, is
there presence of mold or fungi?
- Botanical hay and rumen content analysis:Precautions:
For the analysis you should were rubber gloves, use sterilized tools and keep the samples separated (labeled)
Potential risk for microbial infection 1-2 L sample is needed
