Group B detail (1-16) Flashcards
- The importance of cereals in animal nutrition: Cereals general info
- Monocots in the poacea family Wheat, oat, rye, barley, maize - Contains a large amount of well digestible nutrients Starch (high energy content) Fatty acid: low Protein: low Fibers: low Phosphorus: high Vitamine B (seed coat) and E (embryo) Trypsine inhibitors (low concentration)
- The importance of cereals in animal nutrition: Utilization:
- Fresh plants
- Whole grains, mealm bran flour
- Straw: food, bedding, fuel
- Medicine
- The importance of cereals in animal nutrition: Antinutritives:
- Gluten -> colic disease
- Arabinoxylan -> sticky face (IBS)
- Phytates, trypsin inhibitors -> decreased food conversion
- The importance of cereals in animal nutrition:Ergot body Claviceps purpurea
- Inhibits rye
- Induce smoot muscle contractionabortion
- Contains ergot alkaloids
- The importance of cereals in animal nutrition: E. Ganrenousus
Blood vessels narrowlimb falls off
- The importance of cereals in animal nutrition:E. Convulsivus
- High level, one time poisoning
- Headache, itching, hallucination
- The importance of pulse in animal nutrition: Pulse crops
- Fabaceae (soya bean, field bean, pea)
- Used as forage meals -> because of large seeds -> nutrients in embryonic leave
- Human food
- Animal forage
- Protein: high (rich in lysine)
- Carbohydrates: low
- Vitamine B1,B2, B3
- The importance of pulse in animal nutrition:Utilization
- Seeds: protein source
- Green parts: fresh forage, silage
- The importance of pulse in animal nutrition: antinurtive effect
- Decrease nutrient value of forage
- Chemical inhibiton of metabolism process and food conversion
- Protease inhibitors, lectins, phytic acid, saponons, tannins
- Elimination methods: heating, plant breeding, using mixture of plant species
- The importance of oil-producing plants in animal nutrition: oil plant
Sunflower, oilseed rape, flax
- Drying oils: hardens after being exposed to air for some time
- The importance of oil-producing plants in animal nutrition: antinutritve compounds
Tannins, cyanogenic glycosides, phytic acid
- The importance of oil-producing plants in animal nutrition: Nutritive value:
- Source of omega 3 and 6
- Oil
- Protein
- High content of phosphorus
- The importance of oil-producing plants in animal nutrition:Utilization
Food industry (cooking oil)
- Industry (biofuels)
- Medicine
- Forage ʹ protein supply
- Flax improves fur quality
- The importance of forage legumes in animal nutrition: General info
Forage legumes:
- Annual or perennial herbs from Fabaceae familyused for their stems and leaves
Lucern: hay, pellet, Lucerne meal essential amino acids
Red clover: more protein than Lucerne, but less essential amino acids
Crimson clover: silage, green manure, no bloating effect
Sainfoin: perfect for calves, no bloating effect
- The importance of forage legumes in animal nutrition: Nutritive value
- Rich in protein and fiber
- Rich in minerals: Mg2+, Ca2+, P
- High content of vitamin B and beta-carotine
- Pasture for honey bees
- The importance of forage legumes in animal nutrition: Utilization
Utilization:
- Grazing plants
- Hay
- Ensilage
- The importance of forage legumes in animal nutrition:Antinutritive
- Bloating: rapid ingestion by rumen microbes -> slime production ->frothy bloat
- Saponins: can cause foam in rumen -> irritation of mucous membrane
- The importance of fleshy forages in animal nutrition: General info
Large biomass High water content Low on proteins, fatty acids and fibers Easily digestible compounds: starch and sugar Laxative effect
- The importance of fleshy forages in animal nutrition:Classification
Forage plants with a: Modified taproot (increase milk production) Modified stem (storing nutrients) Fleshy leaves (high protein in leaves) Fleshy fruits
- The importance of fleshy forages in animal nutrition:Classification with nutritive value
Modified taproot: - Sugar beet: rich in saccharose Modified stem: - Potato: starch content, vitamin A, B, C and K, Antinutritive: solanin Fleshy leaves: - Forage kale: Vitamin C, protein ca 20%, may cause frothy bloat Fleshy fruits: - Marrow: high water content
- Poisonings related to cyanogenic and cardiac glycosides (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Glycosides
Glycosides = molecules with sugar + another functional group bound by a glycosidic bond
Not a single biosynthetic group
- A sugar is bound to another functional group via glycosidic bond -> glycoside
Cardiac glycosides can me subidivided into cardenolides (purple foxglove), bufadienolids
(purple hellebore) and steroidal sapogenins (white swallow wort)
- Poisonings related to cyanogenic and cardiac glycosides (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Mechanism of action for cyanogenic glycosides:
- HCN enters the tissues via mucous membranes
- Inhibits cytochrome C oxidase enzyme -> inhibits cellular respiration -> no ATP produced ->death
- CN- binds to Fe 2+ ion and inactivates the active site.
- Poisonings related to cyanogenic and cardiac glycosides (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Species
- Dwarf Russian almond: prunasin
- Red sweet grass
- Black elder
- Poisonings related to cyanogenic and cardiac glycosides (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Mechanism of action for cardiac glycosides:
- Inhibits Na+/K+ - pump (situated in the cell membrane)
- Reduce Na exchange -> increased intrcellular Na concentration.
- Na+/Ca2+- pump also inhibitedincreases intracellular Ca concentration.
- Poisonings related to cyanogenic and cardiac glycosides (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Symptoms
Cyanogenic: cherry mucose membrane, cherry colored blood, breath gets bitter almond smell, heavy breathing, spasms, stumbuling walk
Cardiogenic: Hallucination, vomiting, decreased heart rate, tachycardia, loss of color vision.
- Poisonings related to cyanogenic and cardiac glycosides (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Species
Cardenlides: purple foxglove, spring pheasant ́s eye, lily of the vally
Bufadienloides: purple hellebore.
- Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): True alkaloids
- Originate from amino acids
- Contains nitrogen in the heterocycle
- Belongs to the group Azotids
- Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Tropane alkaloids:
- Two major tropane alkaloid groups: Solanaceous alkaloids Coca alkaloids - Occur in Solanaceae - Major alkaloids is hyoscyamine (one of its enantiomers is atropine)
- Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Tropane alkaloids: Mechanism of action:
Inhibition of muscarinic cholinergic receptors
Site of action: smooth and cardiac muscles, gland cells, in peripheral ganglia and CNS
Solanaceous alkaloids are anticholinergic, reducing the activity of parasympathetic nervous system an promoting sympathetic predominance
- Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Tropane alkaloids:Symptoms
Dry mouth Dilated pupils Tachycardia Spasm, seizuresRespiratory failure - Plants: Henbane Jimson weed Deadly nightshade
- Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Isoquinoline alkaloids:
Occurs in the Papaveraceae family
Chemical origin: isoquinoline backbone from thyrosine amino acid Most imoprtan alkaloids: morphine, codeine, papaverine, rhoedine
- Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Isoquinoline alkaloids:Mechanism of action:
Opioids bounds to an opiod receptor on a neurone
Blocks Ca 2+ ions from entering the cells
Opens K+ channels = K ion influx- > hyperpolarization inhibits an action
potential to be formed -> neurons become less likely to fire -> paralyzing effect.
- Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Isoquinoline alkaloids:Symptoms
Pinpointed pupils
Limb paralysis
Slow and labored breath
Vomiting -
Plants:
Field poppy (papaver rhoas) - poisonous
Opium poppy (papaver somniferum) ʹ medicinal
- Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Pipiridine alkaloids
- Apiaceae family (carrot family)
- Biosynthesised from lysine acid (true alkaloid) or from acetate (pseudo alkaloid)
- Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Pipiridine alkaloids: Mechanisme of action ʹ coniine:
Blocks the nicotine receptors on the post-synaptic membrane of neuromuscular junctions ->blocking movments
- Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Pipiridine alkaloids: Symptoms
Uncontrolled urination
Hear rate slows down before it becomes rapid
Problems with moving (paralysis of limbs)Remains conscious until
respiratory paralysis
- Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Pipiridine alkaloids: Plant
Hemlock
8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:
Diterpene pseudo alkaloids: General info
- In plants of Ranunculaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae
- Major compounds: aconitine, taxus alkaloids
8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Diterpene pseudo alkaloids: Mechanism of action ʹ aconitine
Makes the voltage-gated Na+ ion channels permanently open-> high Na+ levels in
muscel cells inhibits Na+/Ca2+ exchangers->muscle cells cannot repolarize->
paralysis
In neurons: aconitine depolarizes both membranes of presynaptic and post synaptic
cells by opening the Na-ion channels
8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Diterpene pseudo alkaloids: Symptoms
Tingling and numbness in the mouth Motoric weakness Heart and respiration slowly starts to fail Cardiac arrest Sensation of burning
8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Diterpene pseudo alkaloids: Plants with aconitine
Wolfbane