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Botany > Group A detail (6-11) > Flashcards

Group A detail (6-11) Flashcards

1
Q
  1. The most important pathways of primary metabolism: the role of plants, fungi and bacteria in the biosphere (their relationships with animals): Microbiome:
A

Microbiome: micorooganisms in a particular environment
-20,000 human genes, there are 2-20 million microbial and viral genes -to maintain homeostasis, there is species specific microbials

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2
Q
  1. The most important pathways of primary metabolism: the role of plants, fungi and bacteria in the biosphere (their relationships with animals): Importance of microbiome:
A

􏰹 Provides energy
􏰹 Regulates metabolic processes by modifying the concentrations of intermediers
􏰹 Drives, and makes digestion more efficient
􏰹 Can induce or reduce inflammation
􏰹 Can cause or reduce oxidative stress
􏰹 Can be genotoxic 􏰡 powerful in damaging genetic information and gene expression or
carcinogenic
􏰹 Can be involved in the development of: autism, allergy, autoimmune diseases, colon cancer,
hepatic encephalopathy, IBS, diabetes, obesity, depression

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3
Q
  1. The most important pathways of primary metabolism: the role of plants, fungi and bacteria in the biosphere (their relationships with animals): Bacteria
A

􏰹 One of the first, simplest, unicellular life forms on earth 3.5 billion years ago
􏰹 Free-living, symbionts, or pathogenic
􏰹 Most adaptable creatures
􏰹 Can change plasmids (operons)
􏰹 Can modify their metabolism
􏰡 genome based on the nutrients available
􏰹 Make up more than half of the global biomass

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4
Q
  1. The most important pathways of primary metabolism: the role of plants, fungi and bacteria in the biosphere (their relationships with animals): Bacterial cellular respiration/generation of energy:
A

􏰹 Requires electron donor, electron acceptor, cell membrane, hydrogen, and water
􏰹 Periplasm 􏰡 intermembrane space between 2 cell membranes
􏰹 Enzymes in the inner membrane pump hydrogens from cytoplasm to the periplasm
􏰹 Transmembrane gradient of H+ is formed, equalization occurs producing energy than can be
transformed into chemical bonds

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5
Q
  1. The most important pathways of primary metabolism: the role of plants, fungi and bacteria in the biosphere (their relationships with animals):The role of archae in the biosphere:
A

􏰹 One of first life forms on earch
􏰹 High level of horizontal gene transfer
􏰹 In plankton communities, swamps, deep water sediments, ruminant guts 􏰡 extremofils
􏰹 Free living, or symbiotic, no parasites
􏰹 Enzymes, genomes and metabolic pathways more complex than bacteria
􏰹 Use H2 and CO2 as electron donors
􏰹 Decompose cellulose in intestines of mammals

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6
Q
  1. The most important pathways of primary metabolism: the role of plants, fungi and bacteria in the biosphere (their relationships with animals):The role of protozoans in the biosphere:
A

􏰹 Promote and stabilize the species richness and functional diversity of microbiota of the gut
􏰹 Unicellular eukaryotes, free living, symbionts or pathogenic
􏰹 Heterotrophic

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7
Q
  1. The most important pathways of primary metabolism: the role of plants, fungi and bacteria in the biosphere (their relationships with animals):the role of fungal lifestyle in nature:
A

􏰹 Uni or multicellular eukaryotes - thalli
􏰹 Thallus forming produce hyphae 􏰡 can structure and rearrange their body according to the
environment
􏰹 do not have tissues 􏰡 mass of branching hyphae
􏰹 heterotrophic 􏰡 consume living, or dead organic materials
􏰹 symbionts (2/3), parasitic or free-living
􏰹 most have aerobic respiration, others are facultative or obligate anaerobic (in intestines)
􏰹 secrete extracellular digestive enzymes into the environment and absorb dissolved
molecules via the surface of their body
􏰹 can decay large biopolymers with a complex chemical structure
􏰹 break down rocks to make minerals water soluble and possible to uptake

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8
Q
  1. The most important pathways of primary metabolism: the role of plants, fungi and bacteria in the biosphere (their relationships with animals):interactions of plants and fungi:
A

􏰹 mycorrhiza 􏰡 soil-inhabiting fungi colonize plant roots, supporting metabolism by higher
surface area for nutrient uptake, nutrients metabolized from biopolymers, by protection
against parasites and with fungal hormones
􏰹 endophytic 􏰡 complete their life cycle among cells of living plant tissues providing fungal
metabolites and extra chemical characteristics to plants, provide stronger resistance against
drought stress and parasites
􏰹 yeasts 􏰡 unicellular, free-living, obligate anaerobes

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9
Q
  1. The most important pathways of primary metabolism: the role of plants, fungi and bacteria in the biosphere (their relationships with animals): Main goals of primary metabolism:
A

􏰹 biosynthesis of simple chemical compounds universal among eukaryotes: essential amino acids, nucleotides, carbohydrates, fatty acids
􏰹 generation of energy
􏰡 maintanence of cellular respiration
􏰹 continuous production of starting compounds for the pathways of primary and secondary
metabolism
􏰹 breakdown and preparation for excretion of unnecessary compounds

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10
Q
  1. The most important pathways of primary metabolism: the role of plants, fungi and bacteria in the biosphere (their relationships with animals): citric acid cycle:
A

􏰹 consumes acetyl-CoA 􏰡 carb, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism are interconnected via acetyl-CoA
􏰹 CO2 is released via physiological respiration
􏰹 Intermediers are the starting compounds of anabolic processes
􏰹 Carried out in the matric of mitochondria
􏰹 Maintenance of homeostasis

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11
Q
  1. Photosythesis and respiration and their role in plant metabolism: Photosynthesis
A
  • Light energy is being converted into chemical energy􏰢which is stored in bonds of sugar (sucrose)
  • Happens in plants, and some algae (chloroplast) 􏰡 basic element of plant metabolism
  • Calvin- Benson- Cycle
  • Plants need light energy (sun), water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar (O2=waste
    product)
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12
Q
  1. Photosythesis and respiration and their role in plant metabolism: Happens in the chlorophyll in chloroplast (green pigment) in the leaves
A

No chloroplast in the upper and lower epidermis, vascular bundles (veins), mesophyll and stomates
o Stomates = allows CO2 and O2 exchange (holes in lower epidermis)
o Vascular bundles (veins): essential for the leaf transportation system (bring water and nutrients to the place it is needed)
o Mesophyll: photosynthesis site (chloroplast located)

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13
Q
  1. Photosythesis and respiration and their role in plant metabolism:Chloroplast components:
A

o Inner and outer membranes,
thylakoids stacked in grana,
stroma, intermembrane space
o Thylakoid ́s membrane: chlorophyll built into (absorbs blue and red light􏰢green).
ENERGY ABSORBED BY BLUE AND RED LIGHT LEADS TO􏰢PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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14
Q
  1. Photosythesis and respiration and their role in plant metabolism: Phototsynthesis
A

Light reaction also produce ATP and NADPH: immediate energy storage

  • Dark reaction: CO2 fixation and reduction􏰢triose-phosphate􏰢sucrose
  • C3 photosynthesis􏰢rice. Sucrose stored either in vacuoles or transported.
  • C4 photosynthesis􏰢maize (double CO2 fixation cycle 􏰡 a more efficient system)
  • CAM photosynthesis 􏰢 Pineapple
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15
Q
  1. Photosythesis and respiration and their role in plant metabolism:Respiration
A
  • Respiration is the counter metabolic activity from photosynthesis
  • Necessary for survival for plants and other
    living beings
  • The energy which is stored is being released - Metabolic work can be done
    • The whole process is controlled by enzymes - conducted in all living cells - releases water and carbon dioxide
  • Plants: gases diffuse passively through the epidermal cells or through the stroma
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16
Q
  1. Photosythesis and respiration and their role in plant metabolism: The relationship between the photosynthesis and respiration:
A
  • The products of one process are the reactants of the other process.
  • Cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2
  • Photosynthesis: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O -> C6H12O6 +
    + 6 H2O + 6 O2
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17
Q
  1. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds: Primary metabolites:
A
  • synthesized directly from inorganic compounds (simple sugars, amino acids
  • General plant metabolites: fatty acids, proteins, carbohydrates (essential compounds for life
    processes and growth)
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18
Q
  1. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Secondary metabolites:
A
  • Derivided from primary metabolites
  • Non-general compounds with small proportions in cells (volatile oils, alkaloids)
  • Major role: interspecific interactions, specific defense compounds (deter herbiovers)
  • Produced by specific cells and stored in the vacuoles and intercellular cavities
  • Not essential for life processes
  • Not part of primary metabolism and energy flow in the plant
  • Occurrence is taxon-specific
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19
Q
  1. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Role of secondary metabolism in plants:
A
  • Regulation of growth: plant hormones (gibberellic acid)
  • Allopathic compounds: regulate the growth of other species (growth-stunning effect)
  • Pollinator attractants: to support fertilization or to catch insect (carnivorous plants)
  • Insecticides: pyrethroids against lice and fleas
  • Insect repellents: Thymol against snails, linalool against moths
  • Defense mechanism against herbivores: solanine (solanum spp.)
  • Antimicrobial and antifungal effect: inhabitation of growth and reproduction
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20
Q
  1. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Main groups of secondary metabolites:
A

􏰣 Saccharides 􏰣 Phenolides 􏰣 Polyketides 􏰣 Terpenoids 􏰣 Azotids

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21
Q
  1. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Carbohydrates
A
  • Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
  • Sweet taste and water soluble
  • Important nutrient
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22
Q
  1. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Disaccharides
A
  • Two joined monosaccharides
  • Dietry energy source
  • Sucrose (non reducing), lactose and maltose (reducing)
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23
Q
  1. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Oligosaccharides:
A
  • Consists of different monossacharide units
  • Storage and transport carbohydrates
  • Components of fibers
  • May be non-digestible (mainly in fabaceae) ->cause bloating
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24
Q
  1. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Polysaccharides:
A
  • Homopolysaccharides: starch, cellulose, inulin
  • Heteropolysaccharides: mucilage, gums, pectins
    (structural and storage polysaccharides)
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25
Q
  1. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Carbohydrates with antinutritive effects 􏰡 Non starch polysaccharides (NSP)
A
  • Major structural elements in the cell wall= cellulose, hemicellulose pectin 􏰡 mainly in forage legumes
  • If the proportion of NSP is high􏰢decreased energy value and digestibility of the forage􏰢 decreased production
  • In cereals and pulse crops􏰢in the cells of the endosperm
  • Beta-glucans and arabinoxylans (oat, barley) has high water absorption capacity􏰢increased
    viscosity􏰢sticky face syndrome
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26
Q
  1. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Non-digestible oligosaccharides
A
  • Raffinose, stachyose and verbascose are non-digestible oligosaccharides
  • Pass unchaged to the colon􏰢intestinal bacteria ferment them to gases􏰢bloating effect
  • Mainly in fabaceoues plants
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27
Q
  1. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Phenolids
A

Consists of one or more aromatic rings and with an 􏰡OH (hydroxyl) group.

  • Phenoloids mainly biosynthezises from shikimic acid or cinnamic acid
  • Phenolic compounds are general in many plant taxa
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28
Q
  1. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Cinnamic acid derivates:Lignoids
A

o Phenylpropane units
o Lignins: polymer molecules of the secondary cell wall
o Lignans: dimer molecules, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and estrogen like effect.

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29
Q
  1. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Cinnamic acid derivates:Coumarines
A

o Phenylpropane units
o Occurs only in members of Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Rutaceae
o Anticoagulant effect
o Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweet clover)
o Furanocoumarine: photosensitization

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30
Q
  1. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Cinnamic acid derivates:Phenolic glycosides
A

o Widley distributed in the nature
o The aglycone part is a phenolic compound with alcoholic or aldehyde groups
o May act as flavours, but may also have medical effects (aspirin)

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31
Q
  1. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Cinnamic acid derivates:Quinones
A

o Natural occurrence in Rosaceae and Ericaceae
o Naphthoquinones, hydroquinones
o Staining compounds
o Can derived from shikimic acid also

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32
Q
  1. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds: Shikimic acid derivates (quinone is also):Flavonoids
A

o Subdivided into groups due to the position of phenyl ring􏰢isoflavones,
neoflavones, true flavonoids
o Due to degree of unsaturation and oxidation, true flavonoids can be divided into
several group

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33
Q
  1. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds: Shikimic acid derivates (quinone is also):Biological effects of (iso)flavonoids:
A

o Activation of cytochrome-P450 enzymes
o Antioxidant effect 􏰡 neutralizes free radicals􏰢decreasing toxic effects and oxidative
stress, which may lead to unwanted biological reactions.
o Immonstimulant effect 􏰡 the exact mechanism is still unknown o Anti-inflammatory agents
o Can be used to prevent cardiovascular diseases
o Isoflavonoids are phytoestrogens with insecticide activity

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34
Q
  1. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds: Shikimic acid derivates (quinone is also):Tannins
A

o Tannin containg plants: Quercus spp.
o Dicot families are rich in tannins: Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae
o Hydrolyzable tannins: a glucose with phenolic groups (gallic acid)
o Condensed tannins: oligomers or polymers of flavonoid units (catechin) o (Poly)phenolic molecule

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35
Q
  1. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds: Shikimic acid derivates (quinone is also):Biological effects of tannins:
A

o Precipitate proteins 􏰡> water insoluble complexes
o Antinutritive and poisonous effects:
Tannins depresses feed intake (plant defense against herbiovers)
Tannins interfere with protein and carbohydrate absorption and digestive enzymes
o Treatment of diarrhea
o Decreased urinary excretion, necrosis of liver and renal tubules

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36
Q
  1. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids: Main groups of secondary metabolites:
A
  • Saccharides
  • Phenolids
  • Polyketids
  • Terpenoids
  • Alkaloids
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37
Q
  1. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids: Polyketides
A
  • Synthesized from fatty acid metabolism
  • Polyketide chains are highly unstable
    􏰣 Ring closing reactions
    􏰣 Aromatic rings
  • Specific polyketides:
    􏰣 Phloroglucinol derivates 􏰡 varous effects
    􏰣 Anthraquinones 􏰡 laxative
    􏰣 Napthodianthrones (hypericin) 􏰡 photosenzitation
38
Q
  1. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids:Polynnes
A
  • Fatty acid metbalosm􏰢saturated and unsaturated fatty acids􏰢polyynes
  • In fungi an plants (Apiaceae)
  • Herbal toxins affects the CNS
39
Q
  1. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids:Terpenoids
A
  • synthesized from fatty acid metabolism
  • bitter substance
    o Monoterpenoid derivates
    o Sesquiterpenes
    o Diterpens
  • Building stones: isporenes (C5)
40
Q
  1. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids: Monoterpenes, C10:
A

o volatile compounds in oil
o monoterpenes often produce odour
o widespread in plants
o acyclic, monocylic and bicylic molecules + derivates
o Build up by 2 units of isporenes which are added together

41
Q
  1. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids: Effects and function of monoterpenes (C10)
A

o Insect repellent effect (menthol, myrcene, camphor) o Pollinator attractants
o Antimicrobial, antifungal effect
o Toxic effects (pinene)

42
Q
  1. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids:Non-volatile monoterpene derivates
A

o Iridoids: protective chemicals (microbes, fungi, herbivores in a glycosidic form). The
flavor of iridoids is distinctly bitter.
Has medical effects: sedative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial
o Pyrethrines: insecticidal activity by targeting the nervous system -> used against parasites

43
Q
  1. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids:Sesquiterpenes (C15)
A

o Naturally occurrence in Asteraceae (dandelion)
o Acylic or cyclic compounds
o Can be present in volatile oils (a distilled oil, distinguished from glyceride oils by their
volatility and failure to saponify. Really not an oil but a hydrophobic liquid), but less
volatile than monoterpenes
o Appetizing effect (dandelion)

44
Q
  1. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids:Diterpenes (C20)
A

o More than 2000 different molecules
o Apolar or semi polar non-volatile compounds
o Plant hormone: regulate growth and development 􏰡 gibberellic acid
o Poisonous derivates with nitrogen heterocycles􏰢PSEUDO ALKALOIDS (aconitine,
taxines)
o Irrative effect, tumor promoters (phrobol)
o Medicinal effects: anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, cardioactive effects

45
Q
  1. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids:Triterpenes (C30)
A 
o Triterpeneoid saponins
o Phytosterols
o Cardiac glycosides
o Steroidal glycoalkaloids
o Steroidal saponins
o By definition triterpenes are hydrocarbons and possess no heteroatoms.
Functionalized triterepens should be called triterpenoids
o Cholesterol is the most important
triterpenoid.
46
Q
  1. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids: Triterpenoid saponins
A

o Poisonous/antinutritive effect
o Medical effect: anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory
o Self-defense mechanism
o Ginsenoides: steroid glyvosides and triterpene saponins.
o Adaptogen (stabilization of physiological processes, radioprotective (reduces effect
of radiation), anti-tumor and anti-viral activity

47
Q
  1. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids: Phytosterols
A

o Generally four ringed molecules
o Lowers the amount of cholesterol
o Has a poisonous effect (cucurbitacins) and can be found in cucurbita pepo (marrow

48
Q
  1. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids: Steroidal saponins
A

o The glycon parts are mostly oligosaccharides, the aglycon part are spirostanol or furostanol
o Cytotoxic and antifungal activity
o Diosgenin 􏰡 precursor of synthetic steroidal and anticancer drugs

49
Q
  1. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids:Cardiac glycosides
A

o Aglycons bounds with specific sugar moietis􏰢glycosidic form with saponin effect o Inhibits the membrane bound Na+/K+ - pump􏰢irregular or slow heart beat.
o Reduces the Na exchange􏰢increased intracellular Na concentration
o Inhibits the Na+/Ca 2+ - pump􏰢increased intracellular Ca 2+ concentration
o Example of plants, hellebours purpurascens (purple hellebore) and Digitalis purpurea (purple foxglove)

50
Q
  1. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids: Steroidal glycoalkaloids
A

o Biosynthesized from cholesterol with a nitrogen heterocycles􏰢pseudo alkaloids
o Bitter flavor
o Natural occurences in members of Liliaceae and Solanaceae
o Toxic effect:
􏰣 Solanum alkaloids: Inhibition of Ach􏰢Na+ channels stays open, cant build up a new action potential􏰢no muscle contractions􏰢paralysis.
Saponin effect: disrupts the cell membranes

51
Q
  1. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids: Tetraterpenes (C40)
A

o Carotenoid plant pigments 􏰡 UV protection

o Carrot, tomato, calendula officinalis (pot marigold)

52
Q
  1. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids: Polyterpenes (C40)
A

o Natural rubber in the latex of rubber tree

o Acyclic polymers containing a large number of isoprene subunits.

53
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids: Major groups of Azotids:
A
  • Alkaloids
  • Glucosinolates
  • Cyanogenic compounds
  • Simple specific aztoids
  • Universal azotids
54
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids: Universal azotids: Amino acids and derivates
A

o Universal amino acid derivates 􏰡 chlorophyll
o Proteins (polypeptides and glycoproteins􏰢lectins
o Specific amino acids

55
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids: Universal azotids: Lectins
A

o Specific glycoproteins (protein + oligosaccharide chain)
o Ricine (castor bean) and abrin toxalbuminis 􏰡 a disulfide bond connects two
polypeptide chains
o Viscumine in mistletoe
o Lectins bounds with the cell membrane

56
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids: Universal azotids:Nucleic acid and derivates
A

o Universal purine and pyrimidine nucleotides (sugar + base + phosphate) (ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP, TTP) and derivates (NAD, FAD, CoA)
o Nucleic acids
o Purine alkaloids (derivates)
o Pyrimidine derivates

57
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids: Simple specific azotids: Specific non-proteinogenic amino acids
A

o Never found in the protein structure but performs several biological functions
o Derived from the universal amino acids with N, S, and C, or stereoisomer molecules
o Fabaceae fam.
o E.g. lathyrogenes or canavanine (Robinia)

58
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids: Simple specific azotids: Biogenic amines and amides
A

o Nitrogenous compounds derived from amino acid by decarboxylation
o Histamine 􏰡 local immune and inflammatory response
o Tryptamine, phenethylamine 􏰡 psychoactive and stimulant effect, increased heart
functions

59
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids: Simple specific azotids:Protoalkaloids
A

o N atom derived from an amino acid
o Ephedrine: a bronchodilator with psychostimulant effect, act as adrenaline
o Cathinone: amphetamine-like effect (psychostimulant) 􏰡 Catha edulis (khat)

60
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids: Simple specific azotids: Purine alkaloids (derivates)
A

o Synthesized from purine nucleotides

o Stimulates the CNS

61
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids: Simple specific azotids: Pyrimidine derivates
A

o Synthesized from pyrimidine nucleotides

o During degradation oxidizing agents are being produced like hydrogenperoksid

62
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids: Cyanogenic compounds:
A
  • Biosynthesized from aliphatic or aromatic acids
  • Widely distributed in the plant kingdom
  • Defense mechanism against herbivores and pests
  • Upon plant injury, specific enzymes removes the sugar part and HCN is produced.
    o Prunasin and dhurrin is an example.
63
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids: Glucosinolates
A
  • Biosynthesized from amino acids􏰢glucose bounds with S-glycosidic bond with another sulfate group.
  • Occurs mainly in Brassicaceae, (brassica napus oilseed rape)
  • Goitrogen effect
64
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids: Alkaloids
A
  • Specific, mainly alkaline plant metabolites with a nitrogen contet
  • Alkaloids are products of the metabolism of nitrogen
  • Alkaloids are stored in the vacuoles
  • Even a small dose can lead to a strong biological effect
  • Families with characteristic alkaloids: Papaveraceae, Ranunculaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae,
    Apocyanaceae, Liliaceae
  • Plants are able to decompose the stored alkaloids and re-use them.
65
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids: Alkaloid units:
A
  • Tropane alkaloids (amino acid it comes from: Ornithine)
  • Pyrrolizidine (ornithine)
  • Pyrrolidin (ornithine)
  • Quinolizidine (lysine)
  • Piperidine (lysine)
  • Pyridine (nicotinic acid)
  • Isoquinoline (tyrosine)
  • Benzylisoquinoline (tyrosine)
  • Pheniethylissoquinoline (tyrosine)
  • Quinoline (tryptophan)
  • Indole (tryptophan)
66
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids:Major effects:
A
  • Stimulate the CNS 􏰡 caffeine
  • Paralyse the CNS 􏰡 scopolamine (pyrrolizidine)
  • Stimulate the PNS 􏰡 efedrin
  • Paralyse the PNS 􏰡 hyosciamine (tropane)
  • Vasoconstrictor effect 􏰡 Ergot body
  • Vasodilator effect 􏰡 theophylline
  • Increase blood pressure 􏰡 vincamine (indole)
67
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids:Tropane alkaloids:
A

o Solanaceae
o Major alkaloids are S and R hyoscyamine (one of its enantiomers is atropine)
o Inhibition of muscarinic cholinergic receptors (competitive antagonist of Ach􏰢
anticholinergic effets

68
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids:Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA)
A

o Hepatotoxic effect (pyrrole derivates can form irreversible DNA adducts) which leads
to secondary photosenzitation
o Accumulation in organs
o Senecio jacobea 􏰡 European ragwort

69
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids:Quinolizidine alkaloids
A

o Fabaceae
o Teratogenic, antibacterial, antifungal activity
o Major alkaloids: lupinine, cytisine, anagyrin, lupanine
o No accumulation in organs
o Binds mainly to nicotinic receptors as Ach agonists (an agonist is a chemical that
binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response, whereas an antiagonist blocks the action)

70
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids:Piperdine alkaloids (derived from lysine):
A

o Piperidine alkaloids 􏰡 an amide of piperidine: CNS

depressant and anticonvulsant effect

71
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids:Piperidine alkaloids (not derived from lysine)
A

o Piperidine alkaloids not derived from lysine􏰢
pseudoalkaloids
o Can be absorbed through the skin, mucous membranes
and it can cross the placenta
o Conium alkaloids
o In the PNS coniine blocks the nicotine receptros on the
post-synaptic membrane of neuromuscular junctions􏰢
blocks movments

72
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids:Pyridine alkaloids
A

o Synthesized from nicotinic acid
o Natural insecticides 􏰢synthesis increase after insect attack
o Major alkaloids: nicotine
o Respiratory stimulant, but large dose may cause respiratory depression o Nicotine acts as an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

73
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids:Isoquinoline alkaloids
A

o Two or six membered aromatic rings with nitrogen

o Various effects: antispasmodic, but also cytotoxic effect􏰢anti-tumor drug

74
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids: Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids
A

o Synthesized from two units of tyrosine
o Important as medicines but large does can be highly toxic
o Papeverin: basic benzylisoquinoline
o Morphinan derivates 􏰡 opiates􏰢codeine and noscapine: antitussive effect (cough
suppressive) Morphine 􏰡 painkillers o Carcinogenic effects
o Mutations
o Forms aristolactam 􏰢 DNA adducts

75
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids: Phenylethylisoquinoline alkaloids
A 
o Colchicine (a protoalkaloid 􏰡 nitrogen is in the side chain): binds with tubulin dimers
􏰢inhibition of microtubule formation􏰢inhibition of cell division o Meadow saffron
76
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids:Quinoline alkaloids
A

o Nitrogen is in another position than in isoquinoline alkaloids o The most important antimalarial drug
o Quinine

77
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids: Indole alkaloids
A

o Vasodilator effect: increased blood and oxygen supply to the brain (vincamine)
o Cytotoxic drug 􏰢 anticancer drug
o Used to stop postnatal bleedings or in treatment of Parkinson ́s disease.
o Ergot alkaloids: used in treatment of parkinsons. Also found in ergot body

78
Q
  1. The major groups of azotoids: Pseudoalkaloids
A

o Not derived from the nitrogen pathway􏰢the nitrogen incorporates in a different
way than from regular azotids.
o Terpenoid alkaloids:
􏰣 Mono and sesquiterpenoid alkaloids 􏰡 rare 􏰣 Diterpenoid alkaloids
􏰣 Steroid (triterpene) alkaloids
o Diterpenoid alkaloids
􏰣 Affects ion channels􏰢CNS and cardiac effects (taxus baccata,
rhododendron, aconitum vulparia)
o Steroidal alkaloids
􏰣 Open Na+ channels permanently􏰢paralyzing effect 􏰣 Solanum spp.

79
Q
  1. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways): Antinutritional factors (ANFs):
A
  • Antinutritional factors are substances that when present in animal feed reduce the availability of one or more nutrients
  • No major role in primary metabolism
  • Mainly secondary metabolites
  • Taxonspecific compounds
80
Q
  1. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways): Effects on animals of ANF
A
  • Decreases the voluntary feed intake
  • Reduces the digestibility
  • Changes the metabolism
  • Poisonous effects􏰢decreased production (or quality)
81
Q
  1. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways):Carbohydrates with antinutritive effects 􏰡 Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP)
A
  • Major structural element in the cell wall is cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin
  • Cellulose has a low digestibility
  • Beta-glucans and arbinoxylans has high water absorption capacity􏰢sticky faces syndrome
  • High proportion of NSP leads to decreased energy value and digestibility of the forage􏰢
    decreased production
82
Q
  1. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways):Non-digestible oligosaccharides:
A
  • Raffinose, stachyose and verbascose are non-digestible oligosaccharides
  • Passes unchanged to the colon- leads to gases􏰢frothy bloat
  • Mainly in fabaceae plants
  • Prevention: application of beta-galactosidase enzymes
83
Q
  1. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways):Phytic acid and phytates:
A
  • Phytic acid is a primary product of carbohydrate metabolism
  • Phytate can form complexes with a variety of minerals
  • Natural occurrence in corals, pulse crops and oil plants
  • Ruminants are tolerant as phytase enzymes is produced by rumen microorganisms
  • Prevention: application of phytase supplementation
84
Q
  1. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways):Phenoloids with antinutritive effects 􏰡 Tannins:
A
  • Hydolyzable tannins: a glucose with phenolic group (gallic acid)
  • Condensed tannins: oligomers or polymers flavonoid units (catechin)
  • Natural occurrence: field pea, field bean, sainfoin
  • Major effects: depresses food intake, precipitate proteins􏰢water insoluble compleses,
    bounds with iron􏰢iron deficiency
85
Q
  1. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways):Isoflavanoids:
A
  • Decreasing fertility 􏰡 abnormal estrous cycle, abortion and sterility
  • Prevention: application of forage mixtures
  • Natural occurrence: soyabean, lucern, clovers
86
Q
  1. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways):Polyketids with antinutirtive effect 􏰸 Erucic acid:
A
  • Brassicaceae family

Major effect: myocardial lesions

87
Q
  1. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways):Terpenoids with antinutritive effects 􏰡 Saponins:
A
  • Fabaceae family
  • Produces foam in the rumen
  • Enters lipid layer of the cellmembrane
  • Red blood cells are affected􏰢haemolytic effect
88
Q
  1. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways):Gossypol
A
  • Absorbed from the GT and highly bound to amino acids, especially lysine.
  • Affects the cardiac, hepatic, renal and reproductive system
89
Q
  1. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways):Azotoids with antinutritive effects 􏰡 Non proteinogenic amino acids:
A
  • Natural occurrence in Lathyrus species: latyrogenes (ODAP, BAPN, DAB)
  • BAPN can inhibit the collagen synthesis􏰢damage of bones and connective tissues.
90
Q
  1. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways):Protease inhibitors:
A
  • Natural occurrence in legume seeds (soyabean, beans) and cereals
  • Trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors->stable inactive complexes with the pancreatic enzyme -> decreased protein digestion
  • Hypotrophy of pancreas
91
Q
  1. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways): Lectins
A
  • Binding of lectins to epithelial cells􏰢disroders of nutrient absorption􏰢growth depression
  • Occurrence: field beam, pea, lupines
  • Prevention: heat treatment
92
Q
  1. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways):Glycosinolates
A
  • Sulfuric compounds from cytesine􏰢strong, hot flavor
  • Brassicaceae
  • Irritation of skin
  • Disrupts the production of thyroid hormones

Botany (17 decks)

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