Group A detail (12-17) Flashcards
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance): Divisions of algae:
- Phyla of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
- Uni- or multicellular forms without tissues and organs
- Produces ozygen
- Supply 60% of the worlds oxygen
- Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen
- Forage supply for livestock (protein supply, decreasing rumen acidosis)
- Indicators of freshwater quality
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance): Algae poisoning:
- Waterbloom of drinking water, mainly caused by cyanobacteria
- Poisonings are rare, occurs mainly during the summers.
- Ruminants, birds and dogs are susceptible for poisonings
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance): Lichens
- A group of fungi
- Colonial symbiotic organism
- About 700 different secondary metabolites and 650 occurs only in lichens (lichen acids or
lichen substances)
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance): The importance of lichens:
- Used as an expectorant loosens the mucous (makes it easier to cough up mucous during
bronchitis for example) - Some species have antibiotic effectsmedicinal, veterinarian application
- Natural forage reindeer lichen
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance): Mosses
- No specific veterinarian importance
- Major ecological role
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance):Ferns
- The first vascular plants with vascular tissues
- Division of clubmosses, division of true ferns and horstails (presence of rhizome for both
groups)
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance):Gymnosperms
- The first flowerin plants
- Flowers can be solitary but generally form cones
- Carpels not fuse to each otherunenclosed seeds
- Sperm doesn ́t need water to fertilize egg
- Cones can be fleshy
- Several poisonous and medical plants
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance):Major gymnosperm groups: Cycads
palm-like appearance, with stout and woody stem
Non-proteinogenic amino acids an carcinogenic glycosides
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance):Major gymnosperm groups:Gingko tree:
Only one extant species
Medical effect (CNS)
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance):Major gymnosperm groups:Yew species:
Needle like leaves
Diterpenoid compounds (plant hormone, regulate growth + development, but tumor promoter)
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance):Major gymnosperm groups:Cypress species:
High proportion of volatile oiltoxic effect may occur (thujone)
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance):Major gymnosperm groups: Pine species:
Good quality wood
Generally large cones
Poisonous compounds generally not present
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance): General morphology of monocots
Production of fruits
- Fibrous root system
- Non-branced stem
- Leaves have generally no petiole (petiole: the stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the stem)
- Generally 6 tepals (tepals: one of the divisons of a flower perianth, especially one that is not
clearly differentiated into petals and sepals, as in lilies an tulips)
- No petiole
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance): Families under monocots:
- Araceae
- Liliales
- Juncaceae
- Cyperaceae
- Poaceae
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance): Araceae arum family
- Tropical climate, only a few taxa distributed in Europe
- Creeping stem
- Tubers and rhizomers and aerial roots generally occurs
- Leaves are shiny and undivided
- Monosexual and monoecios flowers
- Flowers are covered with a large bract leaf (insect trap)
- The fruit is a berry
- Typical compounds:
Cyanogenic glycosides Oxalate crystals
Flavonoids - Importance: most common plant family of many household plants
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance): Lilales order of lilies
- Most of the species are cultivated for ornamental purposes
- Underground stem
- Elliptic leaves
- 2 x 3 fused or free tepals with nectar glands
- Generally, the fruit is a capsule
- Major compounds:
Colchicine
Sesquiterpene lactons (tulip)
Steroidal alkaloids (veratrum spp.)
Steroidal saponins - Most of the species have a bigger or smaller toxic effect!
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance):Juncaceae rush family
- Cylindrical stem and leaf with aerenchyma tissue
- No spikelet
- Tepals enclose the capsule with dust-like seeds
- Inflorescence bracts can be present
- Toxic compounds are rare
- Low digestibility and nutritive value
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance):Cyperaceae sedge family
- Triangular, sharp and coarse stem
- Leaves covers with cuticule and have a W-shape
- Tepals are reduced or absent
- Monosexual flowers, staminate and pistallate flowers can be arranged in the same or
different spiklet - Female flowers surrounded with bottle-shaped bractlow digestibility and nutritive value
- Can damage mouth
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance):Poaceae grass family
- Toxins rarely occurs except when containing cyanogenic glycosides
- Endophytic fungi can produce toxins (lolitrem B)
- Fructan accumulation of some species
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance):Monocots
- Angiosperms
- Only one embryonic leaf
- Roots: develops in addition to rots runners and rhizomes, which are creeping roots
- Major dicot taxons (identification and importance): Ranunculaceae buttercup family
- The majority of species are perennial herbaceous plants (herbaceous plants: plants with non-
persistent wooded stem above ground, perennial: plants which lives more than 2 years) - Palmately divided with serrated margins
- Stipules are absent
- Flowers are medium sized or large
- Large numbers of stamens and carples (fruit=follicles)
- Many species are poisonous: Ranunculin glycoside, Steroid glycosides, Diterpene alkolids
- Actinomophic (radial) and zygomorphic symmetry
- Major dicot taxons (identification and importance):Euphorbiaceae spurge family
- Cactus-like species in the tropics
- Annual or perennial herbaceous plants
- Milky sap (latex)
- Simple, undivided leaves
- Flower = cyathium= flower bracts + reduced female flower + nectar glands + groups of
reduced male flowers - Typical compounds: phorbol esters (diterpenoid derivates), cyanogenic glycosides
- Major dicot taxons (identification and importance):Fabaceae pea family
- Wooden or herbaceous species
- Morphology: Root nodules, compound leaves, stipules, tendrils
- Fabaceous fruit is called pod
- Pulse crops, forage legumes, grassland plants
- Typical compounds: quinolizidine alkaloids, pyrimidine derivate, lectins, non-proteinogenic
amino acids, isoflavanoids, cyanogenic glycosides
- Major dicot taxons (identification and importance):Rosaceae Rose family
- Simple or compound leaves, stipules are generally present
- Large number of stamens and carpels
- Typical compunds: cyanogenic glycosides (dwarf Russian almond), flavonoids
- Medicinal plants
- Fleshy fruits (e.g. peach)
- Major dicot taxons (identification and importance):Brassicaceae mustard family
- Annual plant
- Produce a rosette of leaves
- 4 sepals and 4 petals
- 4 longer and 2 shorter stamens
- fruit is either silicle (length = width) or silique (length > width)
- many seeds
- Typical compounds: glucosinolates
- Fleshy forage plants
- Major dicot taxons (identification and importance):Lamiaceae mint family
- Mainly herbaceous species
- Species often has aromatic leaves
- Flowers = 3 fused petals
- Dried calyx remains on stem
- Typical compounds: mainly terpenoid derivates (monoterpenoids, iridoids) in volatile oil
- Poisonous species are rare
- Major dicot taxons (identification and importance):Solanaceae nightshade family
- Leaves: high varietyno specific morphology
- Flower: generally 5 fused sepals and 5 petals (free or fused)
- Fruit is a berry or a capsule
- Typical compounds: Alkaloids (tropane, pyridine, steroid)
- The majority of species is more or less poisonous
- Importance: common vegetables (tomato), fleshy forage (potato)
- Major dicot taxons (identification and importance):Apiaceae carrot family
- Mainly herbaceous species
- Stem is generally furrowed and hollow
- Leaves: multiply compound with divided leaflets (leaf base = leaf sheath), aromatic
- Flowers: small, white or yellow
- Inflorescense is generally a compound umbel
- Contains: alkaloids, polyyns, terpenoids, furocoumarines
- High volatile content
- Importance: common vegetables (carrot)
- Major dicot taxons (identification and importance):Asteraceae daisy family
- Mainly herbaceous or succulent species
- Stipules are absent, leaves are simple and more or less divided no specific morphology
- Inflorescence is called head with specific bract called phyllaries
- Disc and ray flowers
- Contains: flavonoids, terpenoids, fatty acids, a lot of volatile oils
- Importance: oilseed cake, vegetables
- Medicinal effect: chamomile sedative, dandelion appetizing effect