Group A detail (12-17) Flashcards
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance): Divisions of algae:
- Phyla of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
- Uni- or multicellular forms without tissues and organs
- Produces ozygen
- Supply 60% of the worlds oxygen
- Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen
- Forage supply for livestock (protein supply, decreasing rumen acidosis)
- Indicators of freshwater quality
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance): Algae poisoning:
- Waterbloom of drinking water, mainly caused by cyanobacteria
- Poisonings are rare, occurs mainly during the summers.
- Ruminants, birds and dogs are susceptible for poisonings
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance): Lichens
- A group of fungi
- Colonial symbiotic organism
- About 700 different secondary metabolites and 650 occurs only in lichens (lichen acids or
lichen substances)
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance): The importance of lichens:
- Used as an expectorant loosens the mucous (makes it easier to cough up mucous during
bronchitis for example) - Some species have antibiotic effectsmedicinal, veterinarian application
- Natural forage reindeer lichen
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance): Mosses
- No specific veterinarian importance
- Major ecological role
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance):Ferns
- The first vascular plants with vascular tissues
- Division of clubmosses, division of true ferns and horstails (presence of rhizome for both
groups)
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance):Gymnosperms
- The first flowerin plants
- Flowers can be solitary but generally form cones
- Carpels not fuse to each otherunenclosed seeds
- Sperm doesn ́t need water to fertilize egg
- Cones can be fleshy
- Several poisonous and medical plants
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance):Major gymnosperm groups: Cycads
palm-like appearance, with stout and woody stem
Non-proteinogenic amino acids an carcinogenic glycosides
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance):Major gymnosperm groups:Gingko tree:
Only one extant species
Medical effect (CNS)
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance):Major gymnosperm groups:Yew species:
Needle like leaves
Diterpenoid compounds (plant hormone, regulate growth + development, but tumor promoter)
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance):Major gymnosperm groups:Cypress species:
High proportion of volatile oiltoxic effect may occur (thujone)
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance):Major gymnosperm groups: Pine species:
Good quality wood
Generally large cones
Poisonous compounds generally not present
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance): General morphology of monocots
Production of fruits
- Fibrous root system
- Non-branced stem
- Leaves have generally no petiole (petiole: the stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the stem)
- Generally 6 tepals (tepals: one of the divisons of a flower perianth, especially one that is not
clearly differentiated into petals and sepals, as in lilies an tulips)
- No petiole
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance): Families under monocots:
- Araceae
- Liliales
- Juncaceae
- Cyperaceae
- Poaceae
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance): Araceae arum family
- Tropical climate, only a few taxa distributed in Europe
- Creeping stem
- Tubers and rhizomers and aerial roots generally occurs
- Leaves are shiny and undivided
- Monosexual and monoecios flowers
- Flowers are covered with a large bract leaf (insect trap)
- The fruit is a berry
- Typical compounds:
Cyanogenic glycosides Oxalate crystals
Flavonoids - Importance: most common plant family of many household plants
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance): Lilales order of lilies
- Most of the species are cultivated for ornamental purposes
- Underground stem
- Elliptic leaves
- 2 x 3 fused or free tepals with nectar glands
- Generally, the fruit is a capsule
- Major compounds:
Colchicine
Sesquiterpene lactons (tulip)
Steroidal alkaloids (veratrum spp.)
Steroidal saponins - Most of the species have a bigger or smaller toxic effect!
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance):Juncaceae rush family
- Cylindrical stem and leaf with aerenchyma tissue
- No spikelet
- Tepals enclose the capsule with dust-like seeds
- Inflorescence bracts can be present
- Toxic compounds are rare
- Low digestibility and nutritive value
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance):Cyperaceae sedge family
- Triangular, sharp and coarse stem
- Leaves covers with cuticule and have a W-shape
- Tepals are reduced or absent
- Monosexual flowers, staminate and pistallate flowers can be arranged in the same or
different spiklet - Female flowers surrounded with bottle-shaped bractlow digestibility and nutritive value
- Can damage mouth
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance):Poaceae grass family
- Toxins rarely occurs except when containing cyanogenic glycosides
- Endophytic fungi can produce toxins (lolitrem B)
- Fructan accumulation of some species
- Major flowerless, gymnosperm and monocot taxons (identification and importance):Monocots
- Angiosperms
- Only one embryonic leaf
- Roots: develops in addition to rots runners and rhizomes, which are creeping roots
- Major dicot taxons (identification and importance): Ranunculaceae buttercup family
- The majority of species are perennial herbaceous plants (herbaceous plants: plants with non-
persistent wooded stem above ground, perennial: plants which lives more than 2 years) - Palmately divided with serrated margins
- Stipules are absent
- Flowers are medium sized or large
- Large numbers of stamens and carples (fruit=follicles)
- Many species are poisonous: Ranunculin glycoside, Steroid glycosides, Diterpene alkolids
- Actinomophic (radial) and zygomorphic symmetry
- Major dicot taxons (identification and importance):Euphorbiaceae spurge family
- Cactus-like species in the tropics
- Annual or perennial herbaceous plants
- Milky sap (latex)
- Simple, undivided leaves
- Flower = cyathium= flower bracts + reduced female flower + nectar glands + groups of
reduced male flowers - Typical compounds: phorbol esters (diterpenoid derivates), cyanogenic glycosides
- Major dicot taxons (identification and importance):Fabaceae pea family
- Wooden or herbaceous species
- Morphology: Root nodules, compound leaves, stipules, tendrils
- Fabaceous fruit is called pod
- Pulse crops, forage legumes, grassland plants
- Typical compounds: quinolizidine alkaloids, pyrimidine derivate, lectins, non-proteinogenic
amino acids, isoflavanoids, cyanogenic glycosides
- Major dicot taxons (identification and importance):Rosaceae Rose family
- Simple or compound leaves, stipules are generally present
- Large number of stamens and carpels
- Typical compunds: cyanogenic glycosides (dwarf Russian almond), flavonoids
- Medicinal plants
- Fleshy fruits (e.g. peach)
- Major dicot taxons (identification and importance):Brassicaceae mustard family
- Annual plant
- Produce a rosette of leaves
- 4 sepals and 4 petals
- 4 longer and 2 shorter stamens
- fruit is either silicle (length = width) or silique (length > width)
- many seeds
- Typical compounds: glucosinolates
- Fleshy forage plants
- Major dicot taxons (identification and importance):Lamiaceae mint family
- Mainly herbaceous species
- Species often has aromatic leaves
- Flowers = 3 fused petals
- Dried calyx remains on stem
- Typical compounds: mainly terpenoid derivates (monoterpenoids, iridoids) in volatile oil
- Poisonous species are rare
- Major dicot taxons (identification and importance):Solanaceae nightshade family
- Leaves: high varietyno specific morphology
- Flower: generally 5 fused sepals and 5 petals (free or fused)
- Fruit is a berry or a capsule
- Typical compounds: Alkaloids (tropane, pyridine, steroid)
- The majority of species is more or less poisonous
- Importance: common vegetables (tomato), fleshy forage (potato)
- Major dicot taxons (identification and importance):Apiaceae carrot family
- Mainly herbaceous species
- Stem is generally furrowed and hollow
- Leaves: multiply compound with divided leaflets (leaf base = leaf sheath), aromatic
- Flowers: small, white or yellow
- Inflorescense is generally a compound umbel
- Contains: alkaloids, polyyns, terpenoids, furocoumarines
- High volatile content
- Importance: common vegetables (carrot)
- Major dicot taxons (identification and importance):Asteraceae daisy family
- Mainly herbaceous or succulent species
- Stipules are absent, leaves are simple and more or less divided no specific morphology
- Inflorescence is called head with specific bract called phyllaries
- Disc and ray flowers
- Contains: flavonoids, terpenoids, fatty acids, a lot of volatile oils
- Importance: oilseed cake, vegetables
- Medicinal effect: chamomile sedative, dandelion appetizing effect
- Grassland formation and their distribution in the Earth and Europe (regarding to the major grassland types): Biogeography AND Biome
the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic scale o Phytogeography
o Zoogeography
o Antropogeography
- The distribution of species is not randombiotic and abiotic factors
- Biome: a type of vegetation that covers a very large area on continents
- Grassland formation and their distribution in the Earth and Europe (regarding to the major grassland types): Environmental factors:
- Regular annual rainfall (200-500 mm)
- Annual rainfall can be higher for tropical grasslands and tallgrass prairies (660-1000mm)
- Seasonal drought (does not supply growth of factors
- Grassland formation and their distribution in the Earth and Europe (regarding to the major grassland types):Types of grasslands:
- Natural grasslands
- Precipitation inequality or low precipitation rates
Under tropical climate
Under temperate climate
- Grassland formation and their distribution in the Earth and Europe (regarding to the major grassland types):Types of grasslands:2. Grasslands of Europe
- Semi-natural grasslands ->after deforestation, maintained with mowing and grazing
- Grassland formation and their distribution in the Earth and Europe (regarding to the major grassland types):Tropical grasslands Savanna
o A mixed woodland grassland ecosystem
o 20% of earths vegetation
o regular wildfires occur
o Common finger grass is Africas most important forage grass
o Elephant grass is the most important fodder crop for the dairy farmers
o Digestibility of the foliage is poor (compared to grass)
o Thorn trees
- Grassland formation and their distribution in the Earth and Europe (regarding to the major grassland types):Cerrado tropical savanna
o Soy production, low density cattle grazing
o Half the natural vegetation has been lost since the late 1950s
o Carpet-grasses and blue-stem grasses most frequentcoars and less nutritious
o Grass intermixed with sedges
o Outside of the forests in Brazil
- Grassland formation and their distribution in the Earth and Europe (regarding to the major grassland types): Temperate grasslands Praire: Tall grass prairie
The annual rainfall averages about 700-1000 mm
Grazed by large animals
USA
Species: big bluestem, indian grass and switch grass Can be used as biofuel
- Grassland formation and their distribution in the Earth and Europe (regarding to the major grassland types): Temperate grasslands Praire: Shortgrass prairie
Drier climate
Cattle and sheep
Short grasses are drought and grazing tolerant Buffalo grass and blue grama
- Grassland formation and their distribution in the Earth and Europe (regarding to the major grassland types): Pampas South American grasslands
o Lowlands of Argentina and Uruguay o The climate is generally temperate o Dry and humid pampas o Nutrient rich soils o Over grazing occurs frequently o Pampas region in argentina produces 61% of the total beef cattle of the country
- Grassland formation and their distribution in the Earth and Europe (regarding to the major grassland types): Velds
o The temperate grasslands of south-africa
o Sweet velds low rainfall, low fiber, retain nutrientspalatable to livestock
o Sour veldshigher rainfallmore fibers, less palatable
o Species: red oat grass, wire grass and Bermuda grass
- Grassland formation and their distribution in the Earth and Europe (regarding to the major grassland types):Steppe
o Long drought during the summer
o Low annual rainfall
o Forest and meadow steppes
o Species: feather grasses, fescues and sedges
o Many herbaceous species with underground bulbs
- Grassland formation and their distribution in the Earth and Europe (regarding to the major grassland types): Fresh (moist) meadows: Molinia meadows
Ground water does not reach the ground surface
Tall growing grasses, sedges and rushes are dominant ->determines the hay quality
Grazing is rare
Molinia species
- Grassland formation and their distribution in the Earth and Europe (regarding to the major grassland types): Fresh (moist) meadows: Mesotrophic wet meadows
Widely distributed in europe
Nutrient rich soils on floodplains and in brook-valleys throughout lowlands
Species rich vegetation
Dominant grasses are: agrostis, alopecurus and festuca spp.
Decreasing tendency in extent in EU->draining (drying), fertilizers
- Grassland formation and their distribution in the Earth and Europe (regarding to the major grassland types): Fresh (moist) meadows::Arrhenatherum hay meadows
Meadows of nutrient rich soils developed in areas of valleys, terraces, basins, high
floodplains
Dominant tall growing species are arrhenatherum elatius (tall oat grass)
Sedges are less dominant, buttercups are common
- Grassland formation and their distribution in the Earth and Europe (regarding to the major grassland types): Dry meadows: Losess steppes
Middle-east Europe Good quality soils develop on loess Closed steppes on plains and foothills Species rich meadows Grazed mainly with sheeps Major spescies is Festuca rupicola In Europe it has also a decreasing tendency (lack of grazing, forestation Typical herbs: pheasant´s eye
- Grassland formation and their distribution in the Earth and Europe (regarding to the major grassland types): Dry meadows:Open and closed sand steppes
Drought-tolerant low grasslands with maximum 50-60% cover
Inappropriate for hay
Grazed with sheeps
- Grassland formation and their distribution in the Earth and Europe (regarding to the major grassland types): Dry meadows:Closed sand steppes
Vegetation covers more than 50%
Heavy treading can damage the grasslandsmaller yield
Feather grasses and small-sized fescues
- Grassland formation and their distribution in the Earth and Europe (regarding to the major grassland types): Salt meadows
o Habitat develops on strongly saline soils (e.g. after drainage) o Succulent speciesdiversity is low o Salt accumulation o Poor yields o Small sized fescues
- Grassland formation and their distribution in the Earth and Europe (regarding to the major grassland types):Rocky grasslands
o Developed on dry, warm southern slopes
o On calcareous rocks limestone, dolomite)
o Very small yield, not suitable for hay or grazing o Forage for game species (deers)
o Nature conservation
- Grassland formation and their distribution in the Earth and Europe (regarding to the major grassland types):Mountain hay meadows
o Most common type in western and middle Europe with economic importance o In areas of deforestation or wildfires
o For grazing (cattle) and for hay as well
o Festuca rubra (red fescue), sweet vernal grass, cocks foot
- Grassland formation and their distribution in the Earth and Europe (regarding to the major grassland types): Threats to grassland
o Conversion to forests
o Conversion to farmland (most of the European steppe was converted to farmland)
o Overgrazing and soil erosion
o Climate change
o Expansion of towns and roads
o Nature protecting mowing->make hiding strips (un- mowed areas with seed production)
(protection for animals, insects, birds and rodents)
o Grassland restoration (farmlands ->grasslands)
- Mycotoxicosis: human and animal poisonings of microfungi: The most important mycotoxins (detected in forages and human foods)
- Alfa-toxins
- Ochra-toxins
- Trichothecenes
- Searalenon
- Rubra-toxins
- Ergot alkaloids
- Mycotoxicosis: human and animal poisonings of microfungi: About fungi in general:
Unicellular or multicellular organisms (without tissues) developing hyphae) - 2/3 of them have a symbiotic lifestyle: mutualists or parasites
- Mycotoxicosis: human and animal poisonings of microfungi:Fungi produce a great many of secondary metabolites:
- Secondary metabolites are being produced when sources of nutrients become
limited in the environment - They are biosynthesized from primary metabolites
- Number of secondary metabolites is generally high
- May be used for defense, sexual reproduction, protection from UV radiation
- Fungi can accumulate radioactive materials due to their fast metabolism
- Mycotoxicosis: human and animal poisonings of microfungi:Health hazards caused by fungi:
Allergy
- Mycetism (mushroom poisoning)
- Mycotoxicosis (colonize human food)
- Mycosis (mainly yeast ⇐ Molds)
- Mycotoxicosis: human and animal poisonings of microfungi: Effects of microfungi producing alfatoxins:
- Alfatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2): Mutagens
Teratogens
Immunosuppressives
Hepatic impairments (hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and cancer) - Produced by a. parasiticus
- Found on fleshy forages and oil plants damaged by insects
- Mycotoxicosis: human and animal poisonings of microfungi: Effects of orchatoxins
Nephrotoxins:
Renal tubules undergo necrosis Immunosuppressive
Carcinogenic
- Fat soluble compounds (in pork fat, coffee and rye bread)
- Aspergillus ochraceus
- Mycotoxicosis: human and animal poisonings of microfungi:Effects of microfungi producing fumonisins
- Effects the white matter of the horse brain
- Fumonisin B1 is carcinogenic
Fusarium moniliforme (infects living plants)
- Mycotoxicosis: human and animal poisonings of microfungi:Effects of microfungi producing trichothecenes
- Inhibits protein synthesislarge subunit of ribosomes affected
- Vomotoxin, nivalenol
- Produces by fusarium (all cereals and grass species can be hostes)
- Mycotoxicosis: human and animal poisonings of microfungi: Effects of microfungi producing zearalenon
Interferes with sexual maturation (pigs sensitive, not humans)
- Enlarge outer genitals sterility
- Corn flakes and beers make of maize (south Africa)
- Produced by fusarium (all cereals and grass species can be hostes)
- Mycotoxicosis: human and animal poisonings of microfungi: Effects of micro fungi producing rubratoxins:
Cause damages in liver and kidneys: also affect the central nervous system
Tigger effects of alfa-toxins
Eggs, dairy and meat productions
Produced by penicillium and aspergillus species
- Mycetism: mushroom poisonings in humans: Mycetism:
- Mushroom poisoning: ingestion of toxic substances present in macrofungal
sporocarps (fruit bodies) - Many fungal species are poisonous to humans, but have no adverse effects on
animals - Little known about mycetism of animals: they are usually slaughtered when
poisoned, and it is poorly studied.
- Mycetism: mushroom poisonings in humans: Mycetism in humans:
- Macrofungal posonings with a long latency period:
1. Phalloides syndrome
2. Gyromitra toxicity - Macrofungal poisonings with a short latency period (poisoning of hallucinogenic fungi):
1. Muscarinic syndrome
2, Pantherina syndrome
3. Psilocybin syndrome - Other macrofungal poisonings:
1. Paxilus syndrome
2. Gastrointestinal syndrome
3. Consumption of raw muschormes
4. Disulfiram syndrome (symptoms after drinking alcoholflushed face,
elevated heart beat)
- Mycetism: mushroom poisonings in humans:Phalloides syndrome:
- Death cap, under oaks with sweet oder
- Symptoms:
Latency period: 6-24 hours
Vomiting and diarrhea (fever) -high risk of dehydration (gastrointestinal phase)
Acute symptoms ends within 1-2 days, but continue with liver dames, liver enlargement, hemorrhages in the stomach and intestine
Toxic compound: amatoxins, phallotoxins - Mechanism of action:
Toxins can inactivate the RNA polymerase, inhibits the cell division and destroys the cell membrane - Treatment:
Removal of toxins from the intestinal tract and the blood must start
immediately ->inhibiton of liver
Detoxification of blood is completed by hemodialysis and plasmapheresis
Transplantation of liver
Chemotherpy
- Mycetism: mushroom poisonings in humans:Gyromitra toxicity:
- Latency period: 6-12h, sometimes 2-26 h)
- Symptoms:
Gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea,
headache
Liver damege
In 2-3 days the circulation system of the patient may collapse: death is often due to respiratory failure - Mechanism of action:
In the liver: gyromitrin is transformed into monomethyl hydrazine Inhibts enzymes
Can be accumulated over years and cause liver damgaes - Treatment:
Removal of toxins from the intestinal tract and the blood immediately Chemotherapy
Transplantation of liver
Detoxification of blood
Vitamine B to support the liver
- Mycetism: mushroom poisonings in humans:Muscarinic syndrome:
- Latency period (15 min 2 hours)
- Symptoms:
Low heart rate and blood pressure
Narrow pupils
Parasympathetic neurological symptoms (perspiration, salvation,
lacrimation) - Mechanism:
Muscarine is able to bin to all type all types of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and activate them - Treatment:
Muscarine antidote = Atropine (injection)
- Mycetism: mushroom poisonings in humans: Pantherina syndrome:
- Latency period: 30 min to 3 h
- Symptoms:
Similar to alcohol intoxication
Personality disorders, time and space perception disorder - Toxins: ibotenic acid, turns into muscimol and muscason
- Treatment:
Symptomatic treatments are applied.
- Mycetism: mushroom poisonings in humans:Psilocybin syndrome: and Gastrointestinal syndrome:
Psilocybin:
- Latency period: 30 min 2 hours
- Symptoms:
Phsycial: headache, slow puls, low bp
Psychic: happiness, fear, time and space perception disorders
- Toxins: Neurotoxins
- Poisonings are rarely sever, does not require special therapy
Gastrointestinal:
- Symptoms:
Vomiting, diarrhea, muscle cramps
- Toxins: Terpenes, sesquiterpenes irritation of stomach and the intestines
- Treatment: Recover of electrolyte metabolism
- Toxins of anthropogenic origin in the biosphere: effects, mechanisms of action, consideration of food safety from soil microbes to humans: Anthropogenic
: environmental pollution due to human activity
- all creatures form the environment indirectly by maintaining life processes, and directly during foraging for food, breeding and seeking for or building shelter
- the life processes of all creatures provide nutrient sources and habitats for several other living beings
- Toxins of anthropogenic origin in the biosphere: effects, mechanisms of action, consideration of food safety from soil microbes to humans: Human activities change the environment in ways that lead to the habitat loss of many organisms and make the environment unsuitable for survival:
Seeking for food vs. agriculture
Seeking for or building of shelter vs. building of cities
Reducing natural selection with the help of technology
- Toxins of anthropogenic origin in the biosphere: effects, mechanisms of action, consideration of food safety from soil microbes to humans: Effects of food production
Applying chemical substances permanently, food production is carried out by the destruction of habitats and the inhibition of natural processes that are not directly relevant to us via herbicides, fungicides, vermicides, insecticides, rodenticides, and other pesticides, application of plant hormones and GMO plants
Beneficial effects can be measured directly in numbers: higher yield and quality, better digestibility, more varied diet human welfare
Harmful effects are realized only after a long time, and or in an indirect, difficult to relate to, therefore debatable way human well-being
- Toxins of anthropogenic origin in the biosphere: effects, mechanisms of action, consideration of food safety from soil microbes to humans:Negative effects of agricultural and industrial toxic substances
Loss of biodiversity
Development of cancers
Sterility
Diseases that can be originated from shifts in the species composition of the microbiota
- Toxins of anthropogenic origin in the biosphere: effects, mechanisms of action, consideration of food safety from soil microbes to humans: Glyphosate
Herbicide and crop desiccant
Spermicide and carcinogenic effects and ability to cause autoimmune diseases
Detected in almost every natural water and in the urine of most of us
Created glyphosate resistant plant cultivars
Glyphosate resistant weeds in Europe
Crop desiccation to promote more even ripening
- Toxins of anthropogenic origin in the biosphere: effects, mechanisms of action, consideration of food safety from soil microbes to humans: GMO plants
1st generation GMP plant produces specific toxins against most common pest
2nd generation improve nutrient profile of crops
3rd generation engineering of cultivars producing human medicines, toleration pollution, or
ideal for biofuels
- Toxins of anthropogenic origin in the biosphere: effects, mechanisms of action, consideration of food safety from soil microbes to humans: What can a vet do for the environment?
Prefer prevention rather than treatment with medication
Prescribe appropriate diet
Recommend phytotherapy (herbalism), or application of food supplements of natural origin
to treat minor problelms
Checks living conditions of animal in detail to prevent potential health hazards
Draws the attention of future pet owners to the specific difficulties of keeping animals and to
the associated responsibility
Does not consider the apparent chaos of nature bad and also does not think of any naturally
occurring toxic fungal or plant species that they should be eliminated from the biosphere
