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PAM Semester 1 > Gross Anatomy Week 1 > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following nerves is deep to the transverse carpal ligament?

A. Radial
B. Musculocutaneous
C. Interosseous
D. Median

A

D. Median

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2
Q

List the bones of the wrist

A

Carpals (8 Bones)

Proximal
some lovers try positions

Distal
that they can’t handle

Proximal
Scaphoid - Lunate - Triquetrium - Pisisform

Distal
Trapezium - Trapezoid - Capitate - Hamate

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3
Q

Which bone receives the blood supply from distal to proximal?

A. Hamate
B. Lunate
C. Scaphoid
D. Trapezium

A

C. Scaphoid

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4
Q

Triceps deep tendon reflex (DTR) is diminished. Which of the following myotomes will be affected

A. Elbow flexion
B. Shoulder abduction
C. Wrist extension
D. Finger adduction

A

C. Wrist extension

C7 Myotome

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5
Q

Which of the following rotator cuff muscels externally rotates the shoulder joint?

A. Supraspinatus
B. Infraspinatus
C. Teres Minor
D. Subscapularis

A

B. Infraspinatus

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6
Q

What space does a lumbar puncture obtain CSF from?

A. Choroid plexus
B. Epidural
C. Subdural
D. Subarachnoid

A

D. Subarachnoid

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7
Q

Which of the following signs or symptoms would present from a deep scalp laceration?

A. Neck Abcess
B. Cellulits aof the forehead
C. Exopthalamus
D. Periorbital swelling

A

D. Periorbital swelling

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8
Q

What space do you inject drugs into the CSF at?

A. Choroid plexus
B. Epidural
C. Subdural
D. Subarachnoid

A

B. Epidural

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9
Q

Occular muscles for eye look in medially or inward?

A

Medial rectus

eyes look inward

look left with right eye or right with left eye
Crosseyed

Cranial nerve 3

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10
Q

Occular muscles for laterally or outwards

A

Lateral rectus

Eyes look outward or laterally

look left with left eye, look right with right eye

Cranial nerve 6

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11
Q

Occular muscles for looking down and in (down nose) (down and medially)

A

Superior Oblique

Obliques are opposite

Look down and in (medially)

look down and left with right eye or down and right with left eye
Crosseyed

Cranial nerve 4

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12
Q

Occular muscles for up and inwards (up & medially)

A

Inferior oblique

Obliques are opposite

Look up and in (medially)

look up and left with right eye or up and right with left eye
Crosseyed

Cranial nerve 3

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13
Q

Occular muscles for looking down and outwards (laterally)

A

Inferior rectus

Look down and outwards (laterally)

look down and left with left eye, look down and right with right eye

Cranial nerve 3

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14
Q

Occular muscles for looking up and outwards (laterally)

A

Superior rectus

Look up and outwards (laterally)

look up and left with left eye, look up and right with right eye

Cranial nerve 3

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15
Q

Cranial nerves for eye movements with muscles

A

3, 4, 6
Occularmotor
Trochlear
Abducens

SO4, LR6, Rest are 3

Obliques are opposite directions

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16
Q

What can pathology in the cavernous sinus effect

A

CN III, IV, V1, V2, V3

Extra ocular motion
Vision
Pupilary response

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17
Q

Cranial Nerve I

A

Number = 1
Name = Olfactory Nerve
Motor / Sensory = Sensory

Origin / Termination = Epithelium / Bulbs
Cranial exit = Foramina of cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Brainstem location = Cortex / Midbrain / Olfactory Bulbs
Function = Transmits olfaction (smell) to the brain
(special sensory)

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18
Q

Cranial Nerve II

A

Number = 2
Name = Optic
Motor / Sensory = Sensory

Origin / Termination = Retina (ganglion cells)
Cranial exit = Optic Canal
Brainstem location = Retina / Midbrain
Function = Vision from Retina
(special sensory)
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19
Q

Cranial Nerve III

A

Number = 3
Name = Occulomotor
Motor / Sensory = Motor

Origin / Termination = Nucleus of CN III (edinger westphal)
Cranial exit = Superior Orbital Fissure
Brainstem location = Midbrain
Function = Pupil Constriction, Accomodation, Eye movement

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20
Q

Cranial Nerve IV

A

Number = 4
Name = Trochlear
Motor / Sensory = Motor

Origin / Termination = Nucleus of CN IV
Cranial exit = Superior Orbital Fissure
Brainstem location = Midbrain
Function = Inferior Oblique (looks down and in

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21
Q

Cranial Nerve V (V1)

A

Number = 5
Opthalmic Division
Name = Trigeminal
Motor / Sensory = Both (sensory)

Origin / Termination = Trigeminal ganglion / spinal principle and mesecephalic nucleus of CN V
Cranial exit = Superior Orbital Fissure
Brainstem location = Pons
Function = Sensation from cornea, skin of forehead, nasal cavity and more

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22
Q

Cranial Nerve VI

A

Number = 6
Name = Abducens
Motor / Sensory = Motor

Origin / Termination = Nucleus of CN VI
Cranial exit = Superior Orbital Fissure
Brainstem location = Pons/Medulla
Function = Lateral gaze, Lateral rectus motor

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23
Q

Cranial Nerve VII

A

Number = 7
Name = Facial
Motor / Sensory = Both

Origin / Termination = Nucleus of CN VII
Cranial exit = Stylomasoid foramen
Brainstem location = Pons/Medulla
Function = facial expression

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24
Q

Cranial Nerve VIII

A

Number = 8
Name = Vestibular-Cochlear
Motor / Sensory = Sensory

Origin / Termination = Vestibular nuclei / Cochlear nuclei
Cranial exit = Internal acoustic meatus
Brainstem location = Pons/Medulla
Function = hearin, head position, balance

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25
Q

Cranial Nerve IX

A

Number = 9
Name = Glossalpharyngeal
Motor / Sensory = Both

Origin / Termination = Nuclei of soilatry/ambiguus/trigeminal
Cranial exit = Jugular Foramen
Brainstem location = Medulla
Function =Swallow, saliva, taste

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26
Q

Cranial Nerve X

A

Number = 10
Name = Vagus
Motor / Sensory = Both

Origin / Termination = Nuclei of soilatry/ambiguus/trigeminal
Cranial exit = Jugular Foramen
Brainstem location = Medulla
Function = Taste, cardiac, Digestion,

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27
Q

Cranial Nerve XI

A

Number = 11
Name = Spinal Accessory
Motor / Sensory = Motor

Origin / Termination = accessory nucleus of spinal cord
Cranial exit = Jugular foramen
Brainstem location = Medulla / spinal cord
Function = Motor muscles sternocleidomastoid, trapezius

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28
Q

Cranial Nerve XII

A

Number = 12
Name = Hypoglossal
Motor / Sensory = Motor

Origin / Termination = Nucleus of CN XII
Cranial exit = Hypoglossal canal
Brainstem location = Medulla
Function = Motor muscles of tongue

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29
Q

Cranial Nerve V (V2)

A

Number = 5 V2
Maxillary Division
Name = Trigeminal
Motor / Sensory = Both (sensory)

Origin / Termination = Trigeminal ganglion / spinal principle and mesecephalic nucleus of CN V
Cranial exit = Foramen Rotundum
Brainstem location = Pons
Function = Sensation of upper lip, mucosa of nose, maxillary sinuses, palate

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30
Q

Cranial Nerve V (V3)

A

Number = 5
Mandibular division
Name = Trigeminal
Motor / Sensory = Both

Origin / Termination = Trigeminal ganglion / spinal principle and mesecephalic nucleus of CN V and Motor nucleus of CN V
Cranial exit = Foramen Ovale
Brainstem location = Pons
Function = Muscles of mastication, sensation over mandibleTMJ, side of head etc.

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31
Q

Promary headache types

A

Migraine
Tension
Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (cluster)

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32
Q

Horner syndrome

A

Horner syndrome = Nerve interruption, can result from stroke, small pupil, drooping Eyelid

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33
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia

A

Trigeminal neuralgia = chronic, over 50 in women, pain in face

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34
Q

Upper Motor Neuron vs Lower Motor Neuron

eyebrows

A

Raise eye brows

If both raise, it is upper motor neuron problem
(Stroke) Involves brain

If only one raises, it is a lower motor neuron problem
(bells palsy) involves brain

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35
Q

Bells palsey (UMN vs LMN)

A

Lower motor neuron problem
ipsilateral problem
Problem is on the same side
This involves the Nerve, not the brain

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36
Q

Stroke (UMN vs LMN)

A

Upper motor neuron problem
Crosses hemispheres
Oppostie side problem
This involves the brain, not the nerve

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37
Q

Location of LMN problem

Lower Motor Neuron

A 
Anterior horn to The affected organ system (end plate)
This is ipsilateral side
Lose motor on ipsilateral side
Affects the entire side of face
Only one eye brow moves
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38
Q

Location of UMN problem

Upper Motor Neuron

A

Affects the lower face
Contralateral side
Both eyebrows move

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39
Q

What cranial nerve inervates the parotid gland

A

CN IX
glossalpharyngeal
salvary juices
swallowing

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40
Q

What cranial nerve can get cut in thyroid disease and cause permanent hoarseness

A

Vagus Nerve

CN X

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41
Q

What cranial nerve gives taste and sensation in back of throat

A

Vagus

CN X

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42
Q

What cranial nerve gives taste in the back 3rd (posterior 3rd) of tongue

A

Glossalpharyngeal

CN IX

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43
Q

What cranial nerve gives taste for front 2/3s (anterior 2/3s) of tongue

A

Facial

CN VII

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44
Q

Tongue Cranial nerves Posterior 1/3

A

Posterior 1/3 =

Taste and sensation = Glossalpharyngeal CN IX

Motor = Hypoglossal CN XII

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45
Q

Tongue Cranial nerves Anterior 2/3

A

Anterior 2/3 =

Taste = Facial CN VII

Sensation = Trigeminal 3 CN V3

Motor = Hypoglossal CN XII

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46
Q

What cranial nerve is motor in the back 3rd (posterior 3rd) of tongue

A

Motor = Hypoglossal CN XII

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47
Q

What cranial nerve gives sensation in the back 3rd (posterior 3rd) of tongue

A

sensation = Glossalpharyngeal CN IX

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48
Q

What cranial nerve is motor for front 2/3s (anterior 2/3s) of tongue

A

Motor = Hypoglossal CN XII

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49
Q

What cranial nerve gives sensation for front 2/3s (anterior 2/3s) of tongue

A

Sensation = Trigeminal 3

CN V3

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50
Q

Saying Ah tests which Cranial Nerve

A. Vagus
B. Hypoglossal
C. Trigeminal V3
D. Facial

A

A. Vagus

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51
Q

The OD has a loss of all visual fields. Where is the defect?

A. Optic tract
B. Lateral geniculate nucleus
C. Optic nerve
D. Optic radiations

A

C. Optic Nerve

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52
Q

Patient has a Cranial nerve VI lesion. Which of the following is affected?

A. Visual acuity
B. Facial sensation
C. Hearing
D. Convergence

A

D. Convergence

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53
Q

Where is the lesion for teh Old man with the stroke symptoms (both eyebrows raise, lip droop.

A. Middle cerebral artery
B. Facial nerve
C. Trigeminal Nerve
D. Internal carotid artery

A

A. Middle cerebral artery

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54
Q

The effernet pupilary response is controlle by which nerve?

A. CN II
B. CN III
C. CN V1
D. CN IV

A

B. CN III

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55
Q

Efferent

A

Motor Nerves

Outgoing

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56
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory Nerves

In coming

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57
Q

What are the cranial nerves responsible for pupil constriciotn and dialation

A

Incoming (afferent) light = CN II Optic nerve
Sensory

Pupil constriction (efferent) = CN III oculomotor
Motor
Pupil Dialation (efferent) = CN V1 Trigeminal 1
Motor
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58
Q

Lower Motor Neuron Attributes

A 
Loss of muscle tone
Same sided weakness
Flaccidity
atrophy
tendon reflexes impaired or gone
fasciculations

From anterior horn to the effector plate

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59
Q

Upper Motor Neuron Attributes

A

Chorea
Dystonia
Athetosis

increased muscle tone, reflexes
rigidity
spacticity

Babinsky

Brain
cross over (opposite side)
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60
Q

Bulbocavernosa reflex

A

Squeeze clitoris or penis and anus contracts

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61
Q

DTR Deep tendon reflexes

A

Biceps C5/C6
Brachioradialis C6
Triceps C7
Distal Finger Flexors C8

Patellar L4
Ankle Jerk S1
Jaw Jerk CN V

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62
Q

Basillar skul fracture symptoms

A

Raccoon eyes (periorbital eccymosis)
Battle signs (Postauricular eccymosis)
Hemotympanum
CSF otorrhea

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63
Q

Pterion

A

The pterion is the region where the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones join together. It is located on the side of the skull, just behind the temple.

64
Q

Scalp infection can result in what

A

Periorbital swelling

65
Q

What do we worry about in a Pterion fracture

A

Middle meningeal artery tearing

Which can lead to epidural hematoma

66
Q

Layers of meninges from deep to superficial

A 
Pia
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid space
Subdural space
Dura
67
Q

Where does CSF go into the venus system

A

Archnoid granulations

68
Q

Three ways to have hydrocephalus

A

Back up of CSF (communicating or non communicating)

Choroid plexus over production

Arachnoid granulation isn’t reabsorbing CSF and putting it into the venus space

69
Q

What feeds almost the entire dura

A

Middle meningeal artery

70
Q

What is faux cerebri

A

Dura that seperates the brain into left and right hemispheres

71
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli (tentorium)

A

Seperates the cerebellum from the crebrum

72
Q

superior sagital sinus

A

runs down the top center of skull
a venous sinus of dura mater
Main reabsorption site of CSF

73
Q

What is the danger area of the scalp for infection and laceration

A

Loose areola tissue

Infection in this layer can pass into the cranial cavity through emissary veins, which pass through parietal foramina in the calvaria and reach intracranial structures such as the meninges.

74
Q

Epidural hematoma cause

A

Test question
Tear of middle meningeal artery

CT w/o contrast
Blood is white

Acute process (Rapid, abrupt bleeding)
Lens like shape (Swelling out of scalp)

Is there midline shift?

75
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage cause

A

Active bleeding from within that Is white on CT
(diffuse white blood on the CT)
see blood in all different spaces

Caused by aneurysm that gives out

Ventricles are black

Blood is white

Acute onset

76
Q

Subdural hematoma Cause

A

Bridging veins torn

Ventricles are black

(white is new blood)

Balloon shape
layering
bleeding under balloon

Venous bleed, slower

77
Q

CSF Purpose

A

Protection, waste removal, nutrient transport

78
Q

Differnece in communicating and non communicating (CSF)

A

In communicating, there is no blockage. Every thing is open and flowing.
All ventricles will be dialated

In non communicating, there is a blockage somwhere. one or more ventricels are dialated while others are not.

79
Q

What is Normal pressure hydrocephalus a cause of

A

Normal pressure hydrocephalus is reversible cause of dementia

80
Q

Which sinues can you palpate

A

Frontal sinuses (can palpate)

Ethmoid sinuses (cannot palpate)

Sphenoid sinuses (cannot palpate)
behind ethmoid

Maxillary sinuses (can palpate)

81
Q

What sinus is behind the sphenoid sinus

A

cavernous sinus

82
Q

Best way to image sinuses

A

Sinus CT Scan

83
Q

cavitating

A

the layer of the sinus now has fluid behind it and is expanding and is pressuring the eyeball

84
Q

Nerves in and around cavernous sinus

A 
CN III oculomotor
CN IV trochlear
CN VI abducens
CN V1 Trigeminal opthalmic
CN V2 Trigeminal maxillary

internal carotid
surounds the pituitary

85
Q

How far does nuchal ligament go

A

c1 - c7

86
Q

What is most posterior ligament in cervical spine

A

Nuchal

87
Q

List ligaments in cervical spine from anterior to posterior

A 
Anterior longitudinal
Posterior longitudinal
ligamentum flavum
interspinal ligament
Nuchal ligament
88
Q

What makes the popo on a lumbar puncture

A

Punching through the ligamentum flavum

89
Q

Where does the nerve exit on each cervical vertebrae

A

Nerve exits above each vertebrae
C1 nerve root is above C1

reason we have C8 nerve but no C8 vertebrae

90
Q

Where does the nerve exit on each vertebrae other than cervical

A

Below the vertebrae

T1 nerve root exits below T1, between T1 and T2

91
Q

What view on x ray allows us to see the nerve exit

A

Oblique view

92
Q

Where does the spinal cord usually terminate

A

L1 or L2

Cauda equina

93
Q

MRI T1 vs T2

A

T1 fluid is not white

T2 fluid is white

94
Q

What attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton

A

Sternoclavicular joint

95
Q

Shoulder Joint

A

Glenohumeral joint
glenoid is shallow socket

Because of its freedom of movement and instability, the glenohumeral joint is commonly dislocated by direct or indirect injury.
Most common downward (inferior) direction

96
Q

Rotator cuff muscles

A

SITS

Suprapinatous (abductor)
Infraspinatus (external rotators)
Teres minor (external rotators) (Superior to major)
Subscapularis (internal rotation)
97
Q

Rotator Cuff Muscles

Subscapularis

A

Large flat muscle on anterior (inside) of scapula

internal rotation

98
Q

Rotator Cuff Muscles

Infraspinatus

A

Large muscle on posterior of flat portion of scapula, sits below spine of scapula, above teres minor
(external rotators)

99
Q

Rotator Cuff Muscles

Teres minor

A

sits on the bottom margin posterior of scapula under inferior to the infraspinatus
(external rotators) (Superior to major)

100
Q

Rotator Cuff Muscles

Suprapinatous

A

Sits above the spine of the scapula at the top of the scapula on the posterior side
(abductor)

101
Q

Injectionsite in shoulder

A

Subacromial bursa

102
Q

groove of superior humerous

A

long head of biceps runs through groove of humerous and attaches to the superior portion of the glenoid

103
Q

Short head of bicep attaches to

A

Short head of bicep attaches to the coracoid process

104
Q

Long head of bicep attaches to

A

Long head of bicep attaches to transverse humeral ligament

105
Q

What does volar mean

A

Dorsal

Typically used for forearm

106
Q

What does the radial nerve innervate

A

All muscles of the posterior compartment of arm and forearm

107
Q

What does the ulnar nerve innervate

A

flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar half of the flexor digitorum profundus in the forearm

the hypothenar and interosseous muscles of the hand

the lumbricals to digits 3 and 4

and 1½ thenar muscles (adductor pollicis and the deep head of the flexor pollicis brevis).

108
Q

What does the median nerve innervate

A

muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm

(with 1½ exceptions that are innervated by the ulnar nerve)

the lumbricals to digits 2 and 3

and the intrinsic muscles of the thumb (thenar muscles).

109
Q

What does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate

A

all the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm.

110
Q

Dermatome C5

A

Upper arm (lateral)

111
Q

Dermatome C6

A

Trigger finger
thumb
lateral forearm

112
Q

Dermatome C7

A

Middle finger

113
Q

Dermatome C8

A

Pinkie finger

Ring finger

114
Q

Dermatome T1

A

medial forearm

115
Q

Dermatome T2

A

Medial upper arm

axilla

116
Q

Phrenic Nerve

A

Diaphragm

C3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive

117
Q

Brachial plexus nerves

A

C5 -T1

C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

118
Q

Myotome Elbow flexion

A

C5/C6

119
Q

Myotome Elbow extension

A

C6/C7

120
Q

Myotome Wrist Flexion

A

C6/C7

121
Q

Myotome Wrist extension

A

C6/C7

122
Q

Myotome Finger Flexion

A

C7/C8

123
Q

Myotome Finger extension

A

C7/C8

124
Q

Myotome Shoulder Flexion

A

C5

125
Q

Myotome Shoulder extension

A

C6/C7/C8

126
Q

Myotome C5/C6

A

Elbow flexion

127
Q

Myotome C7/C8

A

Finger flexion/extension

wrist pronation

128
Q

Myotome C6/C7

A

Wrist extension/flexion

Elbow extension

129
Q

Myotome wrist supination

A

C6

130
Q

Myotome wrist pronation

A

C7/C8

131
Q

Lines of demarcation of brachial plexus

A

First rib and teres major

132
Q

Brachial Plexus C5

A

Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Radial

133
Q

Brachial Plexus C6

A

Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Median
Radial

134
Q

Brachial Plexus C7

A

Musculocutaneous
Median
Radial

135
Q

Brachial Plexus C8

A

Median
Radial
Ulnar

136
Q

Brachial Plexus T1

A

Median
Radial
Ulnar

137
Q

Brachial Plexus Musculocutaneous Nerve

A

C5
C6
C7

138
Q

Brachial Plexus Axillary Nerve

A

C5

C6

139
Q

Brachial Plexus Median Nerve

A

C6
C7
C8
T1

140
Q

Brachial Plexus Radial Nerve

A 
C5
C6
C7
C8
T1

ALL

141
Q

Brachial Plexus Ulnar Nerve

A

C8

T1

142
Q

What runs between the scalene muscles

A

Brachial plexus nerves

143
Q

Where does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery

A

At the outer border of the first rib

144
Q

Where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery

A

as it crosses teres major

145
Q

What are the 3 forearm compartments

A

Volar
Mobile
Dorsal

146
Q

Contents of Volar Compartment

A

ulnar nerve
median nerve
superficial branch of the radial nerve
anterior interosseous nerve

ulnar artery
radial artery
anterior interosseous artery

Muscles = 
flexor of hands and wrist, including
policis longus
flexor digitorum superficialis
flexor carpi radialis
flexor pollicis longus
flexor digitorum profundus
flexor carpi ulnaris
147
Q

Contents of the Mobile Compartment

A

AKA mobile WAD

Muscles=
extensor carpi radialis brevis
longus muscles
brachioradialis

148
Q

Contents of the Dorsal Compartment

A

Posterior interosseous artery (PIA),

posterior interosseous nerve

Muscles=
finger extensors and the long thumb abductor
abductor pollicis longus
extensor digiti minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris
extensor pollicis longus
extensor digitorum communis
149
Q

Volkmanns Contracture

A

Failure to recognize compartment syndrome

Volar

150
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

supracondylar fx, radial fx, crush injury

151
Q

What is TFCC

A

Pad between the ulna and triquetrum

152
Q

What articulates with 1st metacarpal (thumb)

A

Trapezium

153
Q

What tendon does only 50% of population have

A

Palmaris longus

154
Q

What is radial artery lateral to

A

Flexor Carpi radialis tendon

155
Q

What is cut in carpal tunnel surgery

A

Transverse carpal ligament

156
Q

Hand compartments

A 
Thenar = thumb side
Hypothenar = pinkie side
Central = middle palmar side
157
Q

Where does the musculocutaneous nerve terminate

A

about the elbow

PAM Semester 1 (16 decks)

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