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PAM Semester 1 > AMS Exam 2 Short Hand > Flashcards

AMS Exam 2 Short Hand Flashcards

1
Q

Hypersensitivity Type 2

A

IgG and IgM

hemolytic reactions in newborns (2 people)

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2
Q

Anencephaly

A

Flat head, Brain possibly exposed
Neural tube fails to close at cranial end
Lethal

Neural Tube Defect (NTD)

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3
Q

Light chains

A

2 light chains on antibody

2 types
kappa and lamda

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4
Q

Achondroplasia

A

FGFR3

Short limbed dwarf

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5
Q

Innate

A

Fast
General
foreign bodies, pathogens, injury
immediate

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6
Q

Steroid

A

4 carbon fused rings

Cholesterol, sex hormones
everywhere except nervous tissue

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7
Q

Transplant rejection

A

T cells are responsible

APC and MHC on cell surface
activate CD8 T cells

CD8 T cells cause cell lysis of donor cells

CD4 cells are activated
these prodcue interleukin2

IL2 activates
Helper T cells (autocrine)
Cytotoxic T cells (paracrine)

THese attack donor cells with
Perforin
granzyme

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8
Q

Hypersensitivity Type 4

A

T cells
delayed reactions to antigens

Tuberculin reactions, chronic asthma, contact dermatitis

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9
Q

IgD

A

present on the surface of B cells

antibody production

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10
Q

Control points of Glycolysis & Glycogen

A

Glycolysis —– Glycogen

Hexokinase —– glucose 6 phosphate
phosphofructokinase —– fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
pyruvate kinase —– PEP carboxykinase
glycogen synthase —– phosphorylase

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11
Q

Gastrulation

A 
The making of 3 germ layers
Trilaminar disc
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
forms primitve streak
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12
Q

Oligo-saccharides

A

condensation porduct of 3-10 monosaccharides
undigestible
soluble fibers that help bowel movement

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13
Q

Nodal

A

Left sidedness

Secreted by primitive node

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14
Q

Fat

A

Glycerol with 3 fatty acid tails

Stores energy

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15
Q

Neutrophils

A

Granulocyte 95% of leukocytes
multi lobe

First to arrive
attracted to selectin
bind via integrin
diapedesis
phagocytosis
can alos release granules
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16
Q

Glycogen

A

Similar to amylopectin but more branched

Stored in Liver and muscle cells

Glycogen is broken down into glucose when needed
(glycogen phosphorylase)

3/4 is in muscle

source of glucose for glycolysis

glycogen in liver is used for maintaining BGL

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17
Q

Innate immunity types

A

Physical
Chemical
Mechanical
Microbiological

Systemic defense = complement syytem, phagocytes

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18
Q

Fetal circulation deoxygenated blood

A 
blood retruns from the IVC and SVC
right atria
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
ductous arterious and into descending aorta

lungs are collapsed and resist much of blood flow
a small amount makes it and then returns to left atrium
here it mixes with O2 blood form placenta

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19
Q

Phospholipids

A

Glycerol with 2 fatty acid tails
plasma membrane

phosphate polar head (hydrophilic)
fatty acid nonpolar tails (hydrophobic)

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20
Q

Fats, steroids, phopholipids, are all?

A

insoluble in water
lots of hydrocarbon bonds H—C
Hydrophobic

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21
Q

Noggin, Nodal & follistatin

A

Growth factors

inhibit BMP

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22
Q

Glycogen broken down

A

Glycolysis

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23
Q

Trace complement Alternate pathway

A

Trace complement Alternate pathway

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24
Q

Micelle

A

Ball of lipid molecules wiht non polar ends facing in

used for transporting around the cell

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25
Glycogen generation
Glycogenesis
26
Control points of Glycogen
Glucose 6 phosphate Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase PEP carboxykinase Phosphorylase
27
Bladder exstrophy
common with spina bifida protrusion bladder from abdomen Closure is most important
28
Neurulation
The process of creating the neural tube from the neural plate 28 days neulation is complete (tube closed)
29
Truncus arteriosus
becomes the heart aorta ventricles
30
Split foot
Lobster claw Too much programmed cell death in AER
31
Complement functions
opsonization MAC inflammation kill pathogens
32
Epiblast
Dorsal layer Forms all of the embroyonic tissues and cells
33
Septum secundum
Sheet that coners the foreamne ovale and creates it
34
Transamination
amino acid metabolism removing an amine group from one amino acid to from another ie Pyruvate --- alanine
35
Trophoblast
Comes from morula Outer cells become trophoblast Becomes placenta nad umbilical cord
36
Crouzon Syndrome
FGFR2 Wide set bulging eyes Beaked nose vision, dental, hearing, jaw issues cleft lip / palate
37
Langerhans cells of skin
take up microbial antigens to become fully functioning APC's
38
Conjoined twins
Over expression of Goosecoid
39
Di-saccharides
condensation product of two monosaccharides sugar transport, energy storage lactose,maltose, sucrose link together to form starch
40
HCG
Syncytiotrophoblast formerly a trophoblast
41
Amino Acid metabolism
2 types transamination deamination
42
Acetyl CoA
Arises from glycolysis oxidized to CO2 and H2O via citric acid cycle Precursor for synthesis of cholesterol and steroids used in liver to from ketone bodies (fasting/starvation)
43
Neural crest cells
come from ectoderm Form bones of face form septa of heart Facial and heart defects
44
Fetal circulation oxygenated blood
``` oxygenated blood from placenta enters right atria goes through foramen ovale mixes with unoxygenated blood goes to left ventricle aorta to body and brain ```
45
Unsaturated fat
``` Not all C have H has double bond C liquid at room temp oil plant fats ```
46
Spinal bifida
``` Neural tube fails to close at caudal end Not-Lethal Folic acid deficiency normal intelligence walking, GI, Gu issues ``` Neural Tube Defect (NTD)
47
MHC
MHC I MHC II MHC I is found on all cells MHC II is found on specialized APC's
48
spiral septum
comes down truncus arterious and splits it forms pulmonary artery and aorta
49
Chordin
Growth factor from goosecoid
50
Primitive streak
``` Caudal end (tail) Shallow groove ``` Shows right and left and head and tail
51
Ductous arterious
hole in pulmonary artery that goes to aorta by-passing pulmonary vessels and ventricles in fetus
52
Classical complement pathway is triggered by
antigen/antibody complex on invading cells IgG and IgM trigger it Need 2 IgG but only 1 IgM
53
How deos neurulation happen
Notchcord forms fro mesoderm right after gastrulation Notchcord signals an inward folding of the ectoderma t the neural plate Ends of the neural plate fuse and disconnect to form neural tube
54
(AER) Apical ectodermal ridge
Important for limb growth FGF's are secreted by AER fibroblast growth factors
55
Caudal cranial establishment
Signals from two regions anterior visceral endoderm Goosecoid
56
Trans fat
result of incomplete hydrogenation
57
Macrophages / monocytes
become moncytes in blood no memory innate U shaped nucleus pahgocytosis , anti tumor APC for T helper cells
58
Basophils / Mast Cells
Basophil in blood Mast cell in tissue lobed 0.2% of leukocytes immune respone, inflammation hypersensitivty type 1 (allergies) histamine release
59
Syndactyl
Webfoot Not enough cell death in AER
60
Dendritic cells
no MHC II present antigen to B cells
61
Sacrococcygeal teratoma
Sacral tumor contains all 3 germ layers Gastrulation went too long
62
PITX2
Left sidedness (main)
63
Carbohydrates
Sugars contain C H O ``` Mono-saccharides Di-saccharides Oligo-saccharides Poly-saccharides Starch Glycogen Cellulose ```
64
Septum primum
Acts as flutter valve over foramen ovale One way vlave for blood to flow from Right atrium to left atrium but not back
65
naive B cell
After infection Naive be cells switch from expressing IgM and IgD to expressing IgA, IgE, IgG Becomes either a memory cell or effector cell
66
B cells
from bone marrow can recognize specific antigens iGm IGD on surface prior to infection After, it activates and you have IgA, IgE, IgG 2 types of cells memory effector
67
deamination
amino acid metabolism removing an amine group and breaking down an amino acid amine nitrogen is excreted via urea
68
FGF Fibroblast growth factor
left side limb growth | secreted by primitive node
69
Dorsal and ventral establishment
Unhibited BMP = Ventral Inhibited BMP = Dorsal
70
Gastroschisis
Hole in stomach to right of umbilicus Intestines protruding 18-22 year old mothers = 90%
71
Hypersensitivoity types
Type 1,2,3,4
72
Starch
insoluble polysaccharide 2 types of starch amylose amylopectin (plant) (more branches)
73
Septum Transversum
Starts at 4 weeks One continuous body cavity begins to seperate Forms the diaphragm Forms connective tissue of liver
74
Alternative complement pathway is triggered by
triggered by LPS on pathogen surface
75
NKX2.5
Heart development (Main)
76
IgE
Bind to mast cells and basophils allergic response stop parasites no antigen bound, on mast cells and in tissue
77
Lipoproteins
mad eof fats and proteins that carry cholesterol through the bloodstream Chylomicrons VLDL LDL HDL
78
Gluconeogenysis
pyruvate--- ---------- NZ ----------pryuvate carboxylase oxaloacetate--- -------------------- to cytosol malate--- oxaloacteate--- ---------- NZ ----------PEP carboxykinase PEP--- fructose1,6, bisphosphate--- ---------- NZ ----------fructose1,6, bisphosphotase fructose 6 phosphate--- glucose 6 phosphate--- ---------- NZ ---------- glucose 6 phosphotase free glucose
79
Lipid metabolism
source of long chain fatty acids fatty acids may be oxidized to A-CoA or esterized to glycerol
80
TCR 1
Heterodimer of gamma and delta chains | less than 10% of t cells
81
BMP Bone morphognetic protein
Expresses Dorsal and ventral regions | Growth Factor
82
Hydrogentaion
adding hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fats to mae them solids Reduction reaction Catalyst required (unless at high temps)
83
Caudal dysgenesis
Mermaid syndrome When gastrulation stops too soon Diabetic mothers
84
AVE anterior Viscerla endoderm
Head forming genes | Cranial region
85
(ZPA) Zone of polarizing activity
Group of cells near AER regulates patterning of limb (thumb to pinkie) Secretion of sonic hedgehog creates a gradient
86
Macrophages
present antigens to T helper cells
87
Mono-saccharides
cannot be hydrolysed Classified by number of carbons i.e Pentose aldehydes and ketones xylitol, sorbitol
88
Control points of Glycolysis
Hexokinase phosphofructokinase pyruvate kinase glycogen synthase
89
Brachydactyl
Short digits AER stops working
90
IgM
produced during primary immune response enhances phagocytosis best at activating complement system immediate antibody produced Larger, temporary, lasts few weeks
91
Apert syndrome
FGFR2 underdeveloped midface Cleft pallate alwyas includes fusion of middle 3 digits
92
Lipid transport
Micelles | Lipoproteins
93
Embryoblast
Comes from morula inner cells become embryoblast Becomes embryo
94
Trace complement classical pathway
Trace complement classical pathway
95
Pfeiffer syndrome
FGFR 1 or 2 Abnormal shaped head, face, hands, feet, thumbs, big toes Normal inlligence
96
T cells
TCR1 TCR2 85-95% of circulating lymphoid cells recognition of antigens kill target cells activate B cells and other immune responses
97
APC cells
antigen presenting cells Langerhans cells in skin Dendritic cells Macrophages B cells
98
Saturated fat
``` all carbons are bound to Hydrogens no double bond carbons solid at room temp butter animal fats ```
99
Parts of antibody
glycoproteins found on b cells or in plasma cells 2 light chains 2 heavy chains 1 fab portion 1 fc portion disulfide bonds in between
100
Poly-saccharides
Condensation product of 10 or more monosaccharides Starches and dextrins ``` Energy = Starch, glycogen Structural = Cellulose, Chitin ```
101
Cellulose
Structural component of plants Straight long, unbranched chain froms hydrogen bonds with adjacent chains
102
Heavy chains
2 heavy chains on antibody 5 types alpha, gamm, delta, epsilon, mu
103
Fc portion
Effector portion
104
Adaptive
``` slow Specific pathogens take over when innate fails complex response must first be recognized includes memory fro future ```
105
IgM vs IgG
IgG = long term, smaller, tighter bond, last longer, always in body IgM = Larger, temporary, few weeks, replaced by IgG, produced quickly, immediatley
106
IgA
causes aggregation first defense for mucaosal surfaces no antigen bound, in milk, tears and gut
107
TCR 2
90-95% of t cells heterodimer of alpha and beta chains MHC dependant recognition 2 types CD4 = recognize MHC II CD8 = recognise MHC I
108
WNT
Inhibit BMP | Aid in heart development
109
Thalidomide induced limbe defects
disruption of AER Polydactyl Brachydactyl Split foot Syndactyl
110
Amniotic band Syndrome
Amniotic bands wrap around limbs or digits | cause amputations
111
Node of primitve streak
shallow depression at cranial end of streak contains transcription signals Specifically goosecoid
112
Eosinophils
2-5% of leukocytes bi lobed parasytic worms
113
Polydactyl
Extra digits Too much AER
114
HOX genes
development, pharygeal arches limb locations
115
Septum secundum
Becomes the foramen ovale Hole between right and left atrium
116
Foramen ovale
prenatal hole in septum between right and left atria septum secundum is the coverinf that forms the foramen ovale Septum primum is the base sheet of septum in which the hole is formed, Spetum primum is the flutter one way valve Closes shortly after birth due to preaaure in ventricle
117
Septum primum
Septum in which the hole is actually formed serves as a one way flutter valve for foramen ovale
118
Anitbodies
``` GAMED IgG IgA IgM IgE IgD ```
119
IgG
70-75% involved with complement system can cross placenta found throughout body in fluids (blood,lymph) binds more tightly
120
Fab portion
anitgen binding portion
121
Hypoblast
Ventral layer Eventaully displaced Cranial-caudal axis signaling
122
Hypersensitivity Type 1
IgE Allergies Hay fever quick allergen/inflammatory response
123
Goosecoid
Formation of head | transcription factor
124
Hypersensitivity Type 3
Serum sickness Rheumatoid arthritis antigen / antibody complexes settle on tissues or organs

PAM Semester 1 (16 decks)

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