AMS Exam 2 Short Hand Flashcards
Hypersensitivity Type 2
IgG and IgM
hemolytic reactions in newborns (2 people)
Anencephaly
Flat head, Brain possibly exposed
Neural tube fails to close at cranial end
Lethal
Neural Tube Defect (NTD)
Light chains
2 light chains on antibody
2 types
kappa and lamda
Achondroplasia
FGFR3
Short limbed dwarf
Innate
Fast
General
foreign bodies, pathogens, injury
immediate
Steroid
4 carbon fused rings
Cholesterol, sex hormones
everywhere except nervous tissue
Transplant rejection
T cells are responsible
APC and MHC on cell surface
activate CD8 T cells
CD8 T cells cause cell lysis of donor cells
CD4 cells are activated
these prodcue interleukin2
IL2 activates
Helper T cells (autocrine)
Cytotoxic T cells (paracrine)
THese attack donor cells with
Perforin
granzyme
Hypersensitivity Type 4
T cells
delayed reactions to antigens
Tuberculin reactions, chronic asthma, contact dermatitis
IgD
present on the surface of B cells
antibody production
Control points of Glycolysis & Glycogen
Glycolysis —– Glycogen
Hexokinase —– glucose 6 phosphate
phosphofructokinase —– fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
pyruvate kinase —– PEP carboxykinase
glycogen synthase —– phosphorylase
Gastrulation
The making of 3 germ layers Trilaminar disc Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm forms primitve streak
Oligo-saccharides
condensation porduct of 3-10 monosaccharides
undigestible
soluble fibers that help bowel movement
Nodal
Left sidedness
Secreted by primitive node
Fat
Glycerol with 3 fatty acid tails
Stores energy
Neutrophils
Granulocyte 95% of leukocytes
multi lobe
First to arrive attracted to selectin bind via integrin diapedesis phagocytosis can alos release granules
Glycogen
Similar to amylopectin but more branched
Stored in Liver and muscle cells
Glycogen is broken down into glucose when needed
(glycogen phosphorylase)
3/4 is in muscle
source of glucose for glycolysis
glycogen in liver is used for maintaining BGL
Innate immunity types
Physical
Chemical
Mechanical
Microbiological
Systemic defense = complement syytem, phagocytes
Fetal circulation deoxygenated blood
blood retruns from the IVC and SVC right atria right ventricle pulmonary artery ductous arterious and into descending aorta
lungs are collapsed and resist much of blood flow
a small amount makes it and then returns to left atrium
here it mixes with O2 blood form placenta
Phospholipids
Glycerol with 2 fatty acid tails
plasma membrane
phosphate polar head (hydrophilic)
fatty acid nonpolar tails (hydrophobic)
Fats, steroids, phopholipids, are all?
insoluble in water
lots of hydrocarbon bonds H—C
Hydrophobic
Noggin, Nodal & follistatin
Growth factors
inhibit BMP
Glycogen broken down
Glycolysis
Trace complement Alternate pathway
Trace complement Alternate pathway
Micelle
Ball of lipid molecules wiht non polar ends facing in
used for transporting around the cell
Glycogen generation
Glycogenesis
Control points of Glycogen
Glucose 6 phosphate
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
PEP carboxykinase
Phosphorylase
Bladder exstrophy
common with spina bifida
protrusion bladder from abdomen
Closure is most important
Neurulation
The process of creating the neural tube from the neural plate
28 days neulation is complete (tube closed)
Truncus arteriosus
becomes the heart
aorta
ventricles
Split foot
Lobster claw
Too much programmed cell death in AER
Complement functions
opsonization
MAC
inflammation
kill pathogens
Epiblast
Dorsal layer
Forms all of the embroyonic tissues and cells
Septum secundum
Sheet that coners the foreamne ovale and creates it
Transamination
amino acid metabolism
removing an amine group from one amino acid to from another
ie Pyruvate — alanine
Trophoblast
Comes from morula
Outer cells become trophoblast
Becomes placenta nad umbilical cord
Crouzon Syndrome
FGFR2
Wide set bulging eyes
Beaked nose
vision, dental, hearing, jaw issues
cleft lip / palate
Langerhans cells of skin
take up microbial antigens to become fully functioning APC’s
Conjoined twins
Over expression of Goosecoid
Di-saccharides
condensation product of two monosaccharides
sugar transport, energy storage
lactose,maltose, sucrose
link together to form starch
HCG
Syncytiotrophoblast
formerly a trophoblast
Amino Acid metabolism
2 types
transamination
deamination
Acetyl CoA
Arises from glycolysis
oxidized to CO2 and H2O via citric acid cycle
Precursor for synthesis of cholesterol and steroids
used in liver to from ketone bodies (fasting/starvation)
Neural crest cells
come from ectoderm
Form bones of face
form septa of heart
Facial and heart defects
Fetal circulation oxygenated blood
oxygenated blood from placenta enters right atria goes through foramen ovale mixes with unoxygenated blood goes to left ventricle aorta to body and brain
Unsaturated fat
Not all C have H has double bond C liquid at room temp oil plant fats
Spinal bifida
Neural tube fails to close at caudal end Not-Lethal Folic acid deficiency normal intelligence walking, GI, Gu issues
Neural Tube Defect (NTD)
MHC
MHC I
MHC II
MHC I is found on all cells
MHC II is found on specialized APC’s
spiral septum
comes down truncus arterious and splits it
forms pulmonary artery
and aorta
Chordin
Growth factor from goosecoid