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PAM Semester 1 > AMS Exam 2 Short Hand > Flashcards

AMS Exam 2 Short Hand Flashcards

1
Q

Hypersensitivity Type 2

A

IgG and IgM

hemolytic reactions in newborns (2 people)

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2
Q

Anencephaly

A

Flat head, Brain possibly exposed
Neural tube fails to close at cranial end
Lethal

Neural Tube Defect (NTD)

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3
Q

Light chains

A

2 light chains on antibody

2 types
kappa and lamda

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4
Q

Achondroplasia

A

FGFR3

Short limbed dwarf

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5
Q

Innate

A

Fast
General
foreign bodies, pathogens, injury
immediate

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6
Q

Steroid

A

4 carbon fused rings

Cholesterol, sex hormones
everywhere except nervous tissue

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7
Q

Transplant rejection

A

T cells are responsible

APC and MHC on cell surface
activate CD8 T cells

CD8 T cells cause cell lysis of donor cells

CD4 cells are activated
these prodcue interleukin2

IL2 activates
Helper T cells (autocrine)
Cytotoxic T cells (paracrine)

THese attack donor cells with
Perforin
granzyme

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8
Q

Hypersensitivity Type 4

A

T cells
delayed reactions to antigens

Tuberculin reactions, chronic asthma, contact dermatitis

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9
Q

IgD

A

present on the surface of B cells

antibody production

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10
Q

Control points of Glycolysis & Glycogen

A

Glycolysis —– Glycogen

Hexokinase —– glucose 6 phosphate
phosphofructokinase —– fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
pyruvate kinase —– PEP carboxykinase
glycogen synthase —– phosphorylase

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11
Q

Gastrulation

A 
The making of 3 germ layers
Trilaminar disc
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
forms primitve streak
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12
Q

Oligo-saccharides

A

condensation porduct of 3-10 monosaccharides
undigestible
soluble fibers that help bowel movement

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13
Q

Nodal

A

Left sidedness

Secreted by primitive node

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14
Q

Fat

A

Glycerol with 3 fatty acid tails

Stores energy

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15
Q

Neutrophils

A

Granulocyte 95% of leukocytes
multi lobe

First to arrive
attracted to selectin
bind via integrin
diapedesis
phagocytosis
can alos release granules
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16
Q

Glycogen

A

Similar to amylopectin but more branched

Stored in Liver and muscle cells

Glycogen is broken down into glucose when needed
(glycogen phosphorylase)

3/4 is in muscle

source of glucose for glycolysis

glycogen in liver is used for maintaining BGL

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17
Q

Innate immunity types

A

Physical
Chemical
Mechanical
Microbiological

Systemic defense = complement syytem, phagocytes

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18
Q

Fetal circulation deoxygenated blood

A 
blood retruns from the IVC and SVC
right atria
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
ductous arterious and into descending aorta

lungs are collapsed and resist much of blood flow
a small amount makes it and then returns to left atrium
here it mixes with O2 blood form placenta

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19
Q

Phospholipids

A

Glycerol with 2 fatty acid tails
plasma membrane

phosphate polar head (hydrophilic)
fatty acid nonpolar tails (hydrophobic)

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20
Q

Fats, steroids, phopholipids, are all?

A

insoluble in water
lots of hydrocarbon bonds H—C
Hydrophobic

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21
Q

Noggin, Nodal & follistatin

A

Growth factors

inhibit BMP

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22
Q

Glycogen broken down

A

Glycolysis

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23
Q

Trace complement Alternate pathway

A

Trace complement Alternate pathway

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24
Q

Micelle

A

Ball of lipid molecules wiht non polar ends facing in

used for transporting around the cell

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25
Q

Glycogen generation

A

Glycogenesis

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26
Q

Control points of Glycogen

A

Glucose 6 phosphate
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
PEP carboxykinase
Phosphorylase

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27
Q

Bladder exstrophy

A

common with spina bifida

protrusion bladder from abdomen

Closure is most important

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28
Q

Neurulation

A

The process of creating the neural tube from the neural plate

28 days neulation is complete (tube closed)

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29
Q

Truncus arteriosus

A

becomes the heart
aorta
ventricles

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30
Q

Split foot

A

Lobster claw

Too much programmed cell death in AER

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31
Q

Complement functions

A

opsonization
MAC
inflammation
kill pathogens

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32
Q

Epiblast

A

Dorsal layer

Forms all of the embroyonic tissues and cells

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33
Q

Septum secundum

A

Sheet that coners the foreamne ovale and creates it

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34
Q

Transamination

A

amino acid metabolism

removing an amine group from one amino acid to from another

ie Pyruvate — alanine

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35
Q

Trophoblast

A

Comes from morula
Outer cells become trophoblast

Becomes placenta nad umbilical cord

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36
Q

Crouzon Syndrome

A

FGFR2

Wide set bulging eyes
Beaked nose

vision, dental, hearing, jaw issues
cleft lip / palate

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37
Q

Langerhans cells of skin

A

take up microbial antigens to become fully functioning APC’s

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38
Q

Conjoined twins

A

Over expression of Goosecoid

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39
Q

Di-saccharides

A

condensation product of two monosaccharides

sugar transport, energy storage

lactose,maltose, sucrose

link together to form starch

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40
Q

HCG

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

formerly a trophoblast

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41
Q

Amino Acid metabolism

A

2 types
transamination
deamination

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42
Q

Acetyl CoA

A

Arises from glycolysis

oxidized to CO2 and H2O via citric acid cycle

Precursor for synthesis of cholesterol and steroids

used in liver to from ketone bodies (fasting/starvation)

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43
Q

Neural crest cells

A

come from ectoderm

Form bones of face
form septa of heart

Facial and heart defects

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44
Q

Fetal circulation oxygenated blood

A 
oxygenated blood from placenta enters right atria
goes through foramen ovale
mixes with unoxygenated blood
goes to left ventricle
aorta to body and brain
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45
Q

Unsaturated fat

A 
Not all C have H
has double bond C
liquid at room temp
oil
plant fats
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46
Q

Spinal bifida

A 
Neural tube fails to close at caudal end
Not-Lethal
Folic acid deficiency
normal intelligence
walking, GI, Gu issues

Neural Tube Defect (NTD)

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47
Q

MHC

A

MHC I
MHC II

MHC I is found on all cells

MHC II is found on specialized APC’s

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48
Q

spiral septum

A

comes down truncus arterious and splits it

forms pulmonary artery
and aorta

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49
Q

Chordin

A

Growth factor from goosecoid

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50
Q

Primitive streak

A 
Caudal end (tail)
Shallow groove

Shows right and left and head and tail

51
Q

Ductous arterious

A

hole in pulmonary artery that goes to aorta by-passing pulmonary vessels and ventricles

in fetus

52
Q

Classical complement pathway is triggered by

A

antigen/antibody complex on invading cells

IgG and IgM trigger it
Need 2 IgG but only 1 IgM

53
Q

How deos neurulation happen

A

Notchcord forms fro mesoderm right after gastrulation

Notchcord signals an inward folding of the ectoderma t the neural plate

Ends of the neural plate fuse and disconnect to form neural tube

54
Q

(AER) Apical ectodermal ridge

A

Important for limb growth

FGF’s are secreted by AER
fibroblast growth factors

55
Q

Caudal cranial establishment

A

Signals from two regions
anterior visceral endoderm
Goosecoid

56
Q

Trans fat

A

result of incomplete hydrogenation

57
Q

Macrophages / monocytes

A

become moncytes in blood
no memory
innate
U shaped nucleus

pahgocytosis , anti tumor
APC for T helper cells

58
Q

Basophils / Mast Cells

A

Basophil in blood
Mast cell in tissue
lobed

0.2% of leukocytes
immune respone, inflammation
hypersensitivty type 1 (allergies)
histamine release

59
Q

Syndactyl

A

Webfoot

Not enough cell death in AER

60
Q

Dendritic cells

A

no MHC II

present antigen to B cells

61
Q

Sacrococcygeal teratoma

A

Sacral tumor
contains all 3 germ layers
Gastrulation went too long

62
Q

PITX2

A

Left sidedness (main)

63
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugars
contain C H O

Mono-saccharides
Di-saccharides
Oligo-saccharides
Poly-saccharides
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
64
Q

Septum primum

A

Acts as flutter valve over foramen ovale

One way vlave for blood to flow from
Right atrium to left atrium but not back

65
Q

naive B cell

A

After infection Naive be cells switch from expressing IgM and IgD
to expressing
IgA, IgE, IgG

Becomes either a memory cell or effector cell

66
Q

B cells

A

from bone marrow

can recognize specific antigens
iGm IGD on surface prior to infection
After, it activates and you have IgA, IgE, IgG

2 types of cells
memory
effector

67
Q

deamination

A

amino acid metabolism

removing an amine group and breaking down an amino acid

amine nitrogen is excreted via urea

68
Q

FGF Fibroblast growth factor

A

left side limb growth

secreted by primitive node

69
Q

Dorsal and ventral establishment

A

Unhibited BMP = Ventral

Inhibited BMP = Dorsal

70
Q

Gastroschisis

A

Hole in stomach to right of umbilicus

Intestines protruding

18-22 year old mothers = 90%

71
Q

Hypersensitivoity types

A

Type 1,2,3,4

72
Q

Starch

A

insoluble polysaccharide

2 types of starch
amylose
amylopectin (plant) (more branches)

73
Q

Septum Transversum

A

Starts at 4 weeks
One continuous body cavity begins to seperate

Forms the diaphragm

Forms connective tissue of liver

74
Q

Alternative complement pathway is triggered by

A

triggered by LPS on pathogen surface

75
Q

NKX2.5

A

Heart development (Main)

76
Q

IgE

A

Bind to mast cells and basophils
allergic response
stop parasites

no antigen bound, on mast cells and in tissue

77
Q

Lipoproteins

A

mad eof fats and proteins that carry cholesterol through the bloodstream

Chylomicrons
VLDL
LDL
HDL

78
Q

Gluconeogenysis

A

pyruvate—
———- NZ ———-pryuvate carboxylase
oxaloacetate—
——————– to cytosol
malate—
oxaloacteate—
———- NZ ———-PEP carboxykinase
PEP—
fructose1,6, bisphosphate—
———- NZ ———-fructose1,6, bisphosphotase
fructose 6 phosphate—
glucose 6 phosphate—
———- NZ ———- glucose 6 phosphotase
free glucose

79
Q

Lipid metabolism

A

source of long chain fatty acids

fatty acids may be oxidized to A-CoA
or
esterized to glycerol

80
Q

TCR 1

A

Heterodimer of gamma and delta chains

less than 10% of t cells

81
Q

BMP Bone morphognetic protein

A

Expresses Dorsal and ventral regions

Growth Factor

82
Q

Hydrogentaion

A

adding hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fats to mae them solids

Reduction reaction

Catalyst required (unless at high temps)

83
Q

Caudal dysgenesis

A

Mermaid syndrome
When gastrulation stops too soon
Diabetic mothers

84
Q

AVE anterior Viscerla endoderm

A

Head forming genes

Cranial region

85
Q

(ZPA) Zone of polarizing activity

A

Group of cells near AER
regulates patterning of limb (thumb to pinkie)

Secretion of sonic hedgehog creates a gradient

86
Q

Macrophages

A

present antigens to T helper cells

87
Q

Mono-saccharides

A

cannot be hydrolysed
Classified by number of carbons i.e Pentose
aldehydes and ketones
xylitol, sorbitol

88
Q

Control points of Glycolysis

A

Hexokinase
phosphofructokinase
pyruvate kinase
glycogen synthase

89
Q

Brachydactyl

A

Short digits

AER stops working

90
Q

IgM

A

produced during primary immune response
enhances phagocytosis
best at activating complement system

immediate antibody produced

Larger, temporary, lasts few weeks

91
Q

Apert syndrome

A

FGFR2

underdeveloped midface
Cleft pallate

alwyas includes fusion of middle 3 digits

92
Q

Lipid transport

A

Micelles

Lipoproteins

93
Q

Embryoblast

A

Comes from morula
inner cells become embryoblast

Becomes embryo

94
Q

Trace complement classical pathway

A

Trace complement classical pathway

95
Q

Pfeiffer syndrome

A

FGFR 1 or 2

Abnormal shaped head, face, hands, feet, thumbs, big toes

Normal inlligence

96
Q

T cells

A

TCR1
TCR2

85-95% of circulating lymphoid cells

recognition of antigens
kill target cells
activate B cells and other immune responses

97
Q

APC cells

A

antigen presenting cells

Langerhans cells in skin
Dendritic cells
Macrophages
B cells

98
Q

Saturated fat

A 
all carbons are bound to Hydrogens
no double bond carbons
solid at room temp
butter
animal fats
99
Q

Parts of antibody

A

glycoproteins found on b cells or in plasma cells

2 light chains
2 heavy chains

1 fab portion
1 fc portion

disulfide bonds in between

100
Q

Poly-saccharides

A

Condensation product of 10 or more monosaccharides

Starches and dextrins

Energy = Starch, glycogen
Structural = Cellulose, Chitin
101
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural component of plants

Straight long, unbranched chain
froms hydrogen bonds with adjacent chains

102
Q

Heavy chains

A

2 heavy chains on antibody

5 types
alpha, gamm, delta, epsilon, mu

103
Q

Fc portion

A

Effector portion

104
Q

Adaptive

A 
slow
Specific pathogens
take over when innate fails
complex response
must first be recognized
includes memory fro future
105
Q

IgM vs IgG

A

IgG = long term, smaller, tighter bond, last longer, always in body

IgM = Larger, temporary, few weeks, replaced by IgG, produced quickly, immediatley

106
Q

IgA

A

causes aggregation
first defense for mucaosal surfaces

no antigen bound, in milk, tears and gut

107
Q

TCR 2

A

90-95% of t cells

heterodimer of alpha and beta chains

MHC dependant recognition

2 types
CD4 = recognize MHC II
CD8 = recognise MHC I

108
Q

WNT

A

Inhibit BMP

Aid in heart development

109
Q

Thalidomide induced limbe defects

A

disruption of AER

Polydactyl
Brachydactyl
Split foot
Syndactyl

110
Q

Amniotic band Syndrome

A

Amniotic bands wrap around limbs or digits

cause amputations

111
Q

Node of primitve streak

A

shallow depression at cranial end of streak

contains transcription signals

Specifically goosecoid

112
Q

Eosinophils

A

2-5% of leukocytes
bi lobed

parasytic worms

113
Q

Polydactyl

A

Extra digits

Too much AER

114
Q

HOX genes

A

development,
pharygeal arches
limb locations

115
Q

Septum secundum

A

Becomes the foramen ovale

Hole between right and left atrium

116
Q

Foramen ovale

A

prenatal hole in septum between right and left atria
septum secundum is the coverinf that forms the foramen ovale

Septum primum is the base sheet of septum in which the hole is formed,

Spetum primum is the flutter one way valve

Closes shortly after birth due to preaaure in ventricle

117
Q

Septum primum

A

Septum in which the hole is actually formed

serves as a one way flutter valve for foramen ovale

118
Q

Anitbodies

A 
GAMED
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD
119
Q

IgG

A

70-75%
involved with complement system
can cross placenta

found throughout body in fluids (blood,lymph)

binds more tightly

120
Q

Fab portion

A

anitgen binding portion

121
Q

Hypoblast

A

Ventral layer

Eventaully displaced

Cranial-caudal axis
signaling

122
Q

Hypersensitivity Type 1

A

IgE
Allergies
Hay fever
quick allergen/inflammatory response

123
Q

Goosecoid

A

Formation of head

transcription factor

124
Q

Hypersensitivity Type 3

A

Serum sickness
Rheumatoid arthritis

antigen / antibody complexes settle on tissues or organs

PAM Semester 1 (16 decks)

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