Endocrine Quiz Flashcards
Trace a drop of bile from the left hepatic duct to the duodenum.
Left hepatic duct, common hepatic duct, common bile duct, ampulla of vater, sphincter of oddi, 2nd segment of the duodenum
What two ducts make up the common bile duct?
Cystic
Common hepatic
What is the upper limits of normal for the common bile duct diameter in someone with a gallbladder and someone with a history of a cholecystectomy?
6mm for common bile duct
8mm fo a history of Cholecystectomy
What is the upper limit of normal for gallbladder wall thickness?
3 mm
What are the sonographic signs of cholecystitis?
Presence of Gallstones, Thickened gallbladder wall, Gallbladder distension, Pericholecystic fluid, Positive sonographic Murphy Sign, Common Bile Duct dilation.
What does the Presence of Gallstones indicate?
Sonographic sign of cholecystitis
What does a Thickened gallbladder wall indicate?
Sonographic sign of cholecystitis
What does Gallbladder distension indicate?
Sonographic sign of cholecystitis
What does Pericholecystic fluid indicate?
Sonographic sign of cholecystitis
What does a Positive sonographic Murphy Sign indicate?
Sonographic sign of cholecystitis
What does Common Bile Duct dilation indicate?
Sonographic sign of cholecystitis
What arteries branch off the celiac trunk from proximal to distal?
Proximal to distal
Left gastric artery, splenic artery common hepatic artery gastroduodenal artery hepatic artery.
What does FAST stand for?
Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma
What are the standard views in a FAST exam?
Pericardial Right flank Left flank Pelvic Thoracic
What color does fluid look like on ultrasound?
Black
Where do you look for fluid on a FAST exam and organize by view?
Pericardial-pericardium
Right flank-subphrenic, hepatorenal (Morison’s pouch), and right paracolic gutter
Left flank-subphrenic, splenorenal, and left paracolic gutter
Pelvic-rectovesical pouch (male) or rectouterine pouch (female) intraperitoneal. Base of bladder extraperitoneal.
Thoracic-pleural space and costophrenic.
Where do you look for fluid on a FAST exam in the pericardial view?
Pericardium
Where do you look for fluid on a FAST exam in the Right Flank view?
subphrenic, hepatorenal (Morison’s pouch), and right paracolic gutter
Where do you look for fluid on a FAST exam in the Left flank view?
subphrenic, splenorenal, and left paracolic gutter
Where do you look for fluid on a FAST exam in the Pelvic view?
rectovesical pouch (male) or rectouterine pouch (female) intraperitoneal. Base of bladder extraperitoneal.
Where do you look for fluid on a FAST exam in the Thoracic view?
pleural space and costophrenic.
Where does the Sphincter of Oddi empty
2nd segment of duodenum
Describe biliary tree.
left and right hepatic combine to form
common hepatic duct
cystic duct comes out of gall bladder
common hepatic and cystic duct combine to form
common bile duct
pancreatic duct comes out of pancreas
pancreatic and common bile duct meet at
ampulla of vater
sphincter of odi controls entrance to 2nd segment of duodenum
Chemically, hormones belong chiefly to what two molecular groups?
Steroids
Amino Acids
Over production of GH can lead to what?
Acromegaly
Bones increase in size
enlarged hands, feet, and face
A pituitary tumor can cause what?
Over secretion of GH
which can lead to
Acromegaly
Bones increase in size
enlarged hands, feet, and face
Tumors of the adrenal medulla, called pheochromocytomas, cause hypersecretion of catecholamines. What are the symptoms of this?
Headache
sweating
fast heartbeat
high blood pressure.
What do the parafollicular cells of the thyroid secrete?
Calcitonin
What do the zona fasciculata cells secrete?
Glucocorticoids
cortisol
What do the follicular cells of the thyroid secrete?
T3 / T4
What do the zona glomerulosa cells secrete?
Mineralocorticoids
aldosterone
What do the beta cells of the pancreatic islets secrete?
Insulin
What do the parathyroid cells secrete?
PTH
What do the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets secrete?
Glucagon
What do the acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary secrete?
GH
Prolactin (PRL)
What do the basophil cells of the anterior pituitary secrete?
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Where does calcitonin come from?
parafollicular cells of the thyroid
Where do glucocorticoids come from?
Zona fasiculata
in the adrenal cortex
of the adrenal gland
Cortisol
Where does T3/T4 come from?
the follicular cells of the thyroid
Where does insulin come from?
The beta cells of the pancreatic islets
Where does PTH come from?
Parathyroid cells of the parathyroid
Where does PTH come from?
Parathyroid cells of the parathyroid
Parathyroid hormone
Where does GH come from?
The acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary
Where does GH come from?
The acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary
Growth Hormone
Where does FSH come from?
The basophil cells of the anterior pituitary
Follicle stimulating hormone
Where does LH come from?
The basophil cells of the anterior pituitary
Leutinizing Hormone
Where does ACTH come from?
The basophil cells of the anterior pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Where does TSH come from?
The basophil cells of the anterior pituitary
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Where does oxytocin come from?
It is created in the hypothalamus
It is stored and secreted in the posterior pituitary
Where does ADH come from?
It is created in the hypothalamus
It is stored and secreted in the posterior pituitary
Antidiuretic hormone
Where do androgens come from?
The zona reticularis
in the adrenal cortex
DHEA
Where does epinephrine come from?
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
Where does nor-epinephrine come from?
The Adrenal Medulla
Name the hormone(s) produced in inadequate amounts that directly result in the following conditions.
• PTH
tetany
• ADH
excessive urine output without
high blood glucose levels
• insulin
loss of glucose in the urine
• growth hormone (GH)
abnormally small stature, normal
proportions
Name the hormone(s) produced in
inadequate amounts
that directly result in the following conditions.
• PTH
tetany
• ADH
excessive urine output without
high blood glucose levels
• insulin
loss of glucose in the urine
• growth hormone (GH)
abnormally small stature, normal
proportions
Name the hormone(s) produced in
excessive amounts
that directly result(s) in the following conditions.
• growth hormone (GH)
in the adult:
large bones of the hands, feet, and
face
• T3 /T4 (thyroid hormone)
nervousness, irregular pulse rate,
sweating
• PTH
demineralization of bones,
spontaneous fractures
What causes tetany?
Inadequate production of PTH.
What causes excessive urine output without high glucose levels?
Inadequate production of ADH.
What causes glucose in urine?
Inadequate production of Insulin.
What causes an abnormally short stature with normal proportions?
Inadequate production of GH.
What causes large bones in the hands feet and face?
Excessive production of GH.
What causes nervousness, irregular pulse rate and sweating?
Excessive production of T3/T4 (thyroid hormone).
What causes the demineralization of bones and spontaneous fractures?
Excessive production of PTH.
Cytology of parathyroid
Small dots (cells) = parathyroid cells
Rings around small dots (cells) = oxyphil cells
Cytology of Adrenal cortex
Outer to inner
Capsule Zona glomerulosa Zona Fasciculata Zona Reticularis Adrenal Medulla
Cytology of thyroid gland
Large pink cells (bubbles) = Colloid filled cells
Small dots (cells) around edges of bubbles = follicular cells
