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PAM Semester 1 > Endocrine Quiz > Flashcards

Endocrine Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Trace a drop of bile from the left hepatic duct to the duodenum.

A 
Left hepatic duct, 
common hepatic duct, 
common bile duct, 
ampulla of vater, 
sphincter of oddi, 
2nd segment of the duodenum
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2
Q

What two ducts make up the common bile duct?

A

Cystic

Common hepatic

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3
Q

What is the upper limits of normal for the common bile duct diameter in someone with a gallbladder and someone with a history of a cholecystectomy?

A

6mm for common bile duct

8mm fo a history of Cholecystectomy

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4
Q

What is the upper limit of normal for gallbladder wall thickness?

A

3 mm

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5
Q

What are the sonographic signs of cholecystitis?

A 
Presence of Gallstones, 
Thickened gallbladder wall, 
Gallbladder distension, 
Pericholecystic fluid, 
Positive sonographic Murphy Sign, 
Common Bile Duct dilation.
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6
Q

What does the Presence of Gallstones indicate?

A

Sonographic sign of cholecystitis

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7
Q

What does a Thickened gallbladder wall indicate?

A

Sonographic sign of cholecystitis

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8
Q

What does Gallbladder distension indicate?

A

Sonographic sign of cholecystitis

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9
Q

What does Pericholecystic fluid indicate?

A

Sonographic sign of cholecystitis

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10
Q

What does a Positive sonographic Murphy Sign indicate?

A

Sonographic sign of cholecystitis

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11
Q

What does Common Bile Duct dilation indicate?

A

Sonographic sign of cholecystitis

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12
Q

What arteries branch off the celiac trunk from proximal to distal?

A

Proximal to distal

Left gastric artery, 
splenic artery
common hepatic artery 
gastroduodenal artery
hepatic artery.
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13
Q

What does FAST stand for?

A

Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma

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14
Q

What are the standard views in a FAST exam?

A 
Pericardial
Right flank
Left flank
Pelvic
Thoracic
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15
Q

What color does fluid look like on ultrasound?

A

Black

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16
Q

Where do you look for fluid on a FAST exam and organize by view?

A

Pericardial-pericardium

Right flank-subphrenic, hepatorenal (Morison’s pouch), and right paracolic gutter

Left flank-subphrenic, splenorenal, and left paracolic gutter

Pelvic-rectovesical pouch (male) or rectouterine pouch (female) intraperitoneal. Base of bladder extraperitoneal.

Thoracic-pleural space and costophrenic.

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17
Q

Where do you look for fluid on a FAST exam in the pericardial view?

A

Pericardium

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18
Q

Where do you look for fluid on a FAST exam in the Right Flank view?

A

subphrenic, hepatorenal (Morison’s pouch), and right paracolic gutter

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19
Q

Where do you look for fluid on a FAST exam in the Left flank view?

A

subphrenic, splenorenal, and left paracolic gutter

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20
Q

Where do you look for fluid on a FAST exam in the Pelvic view?

A

rectovesical pouch (male) or rectouterine pouch (female) intraperitoneal. Base of bladder extraperitoneal.

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21
Q

Where do you look for fluid on a FAST exam in the Thoracic view?

A

pleural space and costophrenic.

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22
Q

Where does the Sphincter of Oddi empty

A

2nd segment of duodenum

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23
Q

Describe biliary tree.

A

left and right hepatic combine to form
common hepatic duct

cystic duct comes out of gall bladder

common hepatic and cystic duct combine to form
common bile duct

pancreatic duct comes out of pancreas

pancreatic and common bile duct meet at
ampulla of vater

sphincter of odi controls entrance to 2nd segment of duodenum

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24
Q

Chemically, hormones belong chiefly to what two molecular groups?

A

Steroids

Amino Acids

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25
Q

Over production of GH can lead to what?

A

Acromegaly
Bones increase in size
enlarged hands, feet, and face

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26
Q

A pituitary tumor can cause what?

A

Over secretion of GH

which can lead to
Acromegaly
Bones increase in size
enlarged hands, feet, and face

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27
Q

Tumors of the adrenal medulla, called pheochromocytomas, cause hypersecretion of catecholamines. What are the symptoms of this?

A

Headache
sweating
fast heartbeat
high blood pressure.

28
Q

What do the parafollicular cells of the thyroid secrete?

A

Calcitonin

29
Q

What do the zona fasciculata cells secrete?

A

Glucocorticoids

cortisol

30
Q

What do the follicular cells of the thyroid secrete?

A

T3 / T4

31
Q

What do the zona glomerulosa cells secrete?

A

Mineralocorticoids

aldosterone

32
Q

What do the beta cells of the pancreatic islets secrete?

A

Insulin

33
Q

What do the parathyroid cells secrete?

A

PTH

34
Q

What do the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets secrete?

A

Glucagon

35
Q

What do the acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary secrete?

A

GH

Prolactin (PRL)

36
Q

What do the basophil cells of the anterior pituitary secrete?

A

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH

37
Q

Where does calcitonin come from?

A

parafollicular cells of the thyroid

38
Q

Where do glucocorticoids come from?

A

Zona fasiculata
in the adrenal cortex
of the adrenal gland

Cortisol

39
Q

Where does T3/T4 come from?

A

the follicular cells of the thyroid

40
Q

Where does insulin come from?

A

The beta cells of the pancreatic islets

41
Q

Where does PTH come from?

A

Parathyroid cells of the parathyroid

42
Q

Where does PTH come from?

A

Parathyroid cells of the parathyroid

Parathyroid hormone

43
Q

Where does GH come from?

A

The acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary

44
Q

Where does GH come from?

A

The acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary

Growth Hormone

45
Q

Where does FSH come from?

A

The basophil cells of the anterior pituitary

Follicle stimulating hormone

46
Q

Where does LH come from?

A

The basophil cells of the anterior pituitary

Leutinizing Hormone

47
Q

Where does ACTH come from?

A

The basophil cells of the anterior pituitary

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

48
Q

Where does TSH come from?

A

The basophil cells of the anterior pituitary

Thyroid stimulating hormone

49
Q

Where does oxytocin come from?

A

It is created in the hypothalamus

It is stored and secreted in the posterior pituitary

50
Q

Where does ADH come from?

A

It is created in the hypothalamus

It is stored and secreted in the posterior pituitary

Antidiuretic hormone

51
Q

Where do androgens come from?

A

The zona reticularis
in the adrenal cortex

DHEA

52
Q

Where does epinephrine come from?

A

Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

53
Q

Where does nor-epinephrine come from?

A

The Adrenal Medulla

54
Q

Name the hormone(s) produced in inadequate amounts that directly result in the following conditions.

A

• PTH
tetany
• ADH
excessive urine output without
high blood glucose levels
• insulin
loss of glucose in the urine
• growth hormone (GH)
abnormally small stature, normal
proportions

55
Q

Name the hormone(s) produced in

inadequate amounts

that directly result in the following conditions.

A

• PTH
tetany
• ADH
excessive urine output without
high blood glucose levels
• insulin
loss of glucose in the urine
• growth hormone (GH)
abnormally small stature, normal
proportions

56
Q

Name the hormone(s) produced in

excessive amounts

that directly result(s) in the following conditions.

A

• growth hormone (GH)
in the adult:
large bones of the hands, feet, and
face
• T3 /T4 (thyroid hormone)
nervousness, irregular pulse rate,
sweating
• PTH
demineralization of bones,
spontaneous fractures

57
Q

What causes tetany?

A

Inadequate production of PTH.

58
Q

What causes excessive urine output without high glucose levels?

A

Inadequate production of ADH.

59
Q

What causes glucose in urine?

A

Inadequate production of Insulin.

60
Q

What causes an abnormally short stature with normal proportions?

A

Inadequate production of GH.

61
Q

What causes large bones in the hands feet and face?

A

Excessive production of GH.

62
Q

What causes nervousness, irregular pulse rate and sweating?

A

Excessive production of T3/T4 (thyroid hormone).

63
Q

What causes the demineralization of bones and spontaneous fractures?

A

Excessive production of PTH.

64
Q

Cytology of parathyroid

A

Small dots (cells) = parathyroid cells

Rings around small dots (cells) = oxyphil cells

65
Q

Cytology of Adrenal cortex

A

Outer to inner

Capsule
Zona glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis
Adrenal Medulla
66
Q

Cytology of thyroid gland

A

Large pink cells (bubbles) = Colloid filled cells

Small dots (cells) around edges of bubbles = follicular cells

PAM Semester 1 (16 decks)

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