Gross Anatomy Quiz 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Effect of the ANS on the Heart
sympathetic
A
Increases: HR Force of contraction BP Respiratory rates
Dilates (relaxes coronary vessels (smooth muscle)
2
Q
Caval Hiatus Structures
A
Inferior Vena Cava
3
Q
How high does the diaphragm go on expiration
A
6th rib
4
Q
origins of diaphragm
A
Sternal : posterior xiphoid process
Costal : internal surfaces of lower costal cartilages 7-12
Lumbar : medial and lateral arcuate ligaments
anterior longitudinal ligament
bodies of vertebrae L1, L2, L3
5
Q
Innervation of the heart
Afferent Parasympathetic fibers
A
Vagal cardiac nerves
Function:feedback on blood pressure
6
Q
Pulmonary valve stenosis
A
Valve cusps are fused
Conus arteriosus is underdeveloped, producing restriction of right ventricular outflow
Cause hypertrophy of the right ventricle
Produces a fixed split S2 murmur
S2 problem
7
Q
Horner syndrome
A
Ptosis (drooping of the superior eyelid)
Pupillary constriction
Sinking in of the eyeball (enophthalmos)
Vasodilation and absence of sweating on the face and neck (anhydrosis),
8
Q
RCA supplys
A
R atrium
SA, AV nodes
Posterior Septum
9
Q
Aortic valve insufficiency
A
Backrush of blood into the left ventricle
Causes blowing high pitched murmur
10
Q
Phrenic nerve roots
A
C3, C4, C5
11
Q
what provides vascular drainage for left side of thoracic cavity
A
hemiazygous
12
Q
How does blood flow into the coronary arterioes
A
Retrograde flow from aorta
Thet are filled during diastole (resting)
Tachycardia is risk because no rest!
13
Q
NAV
A
Nerve (lateral)
Artery
Vein (medial
14
Q
Ligaments that are part of Lesser omentum
A
Gastropcephalic ligament
Hepatoduodenal ligament
Lesser omentum
15
Q
what runs between the anterior scalene and middle scalene
A
brachial plexus
subclavian artery
subclavian vein
16
Q
what holds the breast up to the chest wall
A
suspensory ligament
17
Q
Lobular Carcinoma In Situ
A
Believed to be a benign condition that predicts invasive breast cancer in the future
(not necessarily at the same site)
18
Q
Breast cancer node path
A
axillary nodes
infra clavicular nodes
supraclavicular nodes
19
Q
Pulmonary valve incompetence
A
Valve does not close completely
Results in a backrush of blood into the right ventricle
Causes blowing decrescendo murmur
S2 problem
20
Q
Anterior interventricular supplys
A
both ventricles
Anterior septum
21
Q
What does scalene muscle do
A
raise ribcage during inspiration
22
Q
Heart cavity layers
A
Fibrous pericardium parietal pericardium pericardial cavity epicardium (visceral pericardium) myocardium endocardium
23
Q
Superior messteric artery supplies
A
jejunum
cecum
ascending colon
24
Q
LCA Supplys
A
L Atrium
L ventricle
AV Bunds
septum
25
most common site of breast cancer
Upper outer quadrant
26
Lactiferous ducts
moves milk from lobule
to lactiferous sinus
and then out nipple
27
What serves as the internal barometer
External jugular vein
28
Aortic Hiatus Structures
Aorta
Azygous vein
Thoracic Duct
29
where does the azygous drain
superior vena cava
30
Esophageal Hiatus Structures
Esophagus
| Vagus
31
How to determine whether superficial or deep penetrating trauma to neck
Deeper or shallower than the platysmas
32
costal muscles
external costal
internal costal
innermost costal
33
What innervates the diapraghm
Phrenic nerve
C3, C4, C5
High cervical injuries result in death due to
failure to breath
34
Circumflex supplys
left atrium
left ventrical
comes off LCA
35
Lateral EKG
I
AVL
V5
V6
36
most external muscle in thorax
external oblique
37
Most common cancer of the breast
Intraductal carcinoma
38
Percent of adults with ASD
15-25% (not significant)
When significant, R atrium enlarges, RVH
39
how does the heart attach to the vessels, diaphragm and the sternum
fibrous attachments
40
Right marginal supplys
Right ventricle and apex
Comes off RCA
41
Where does the azygous vein drain into
Inferior vena cava
42
carotid triangle
Omohyoid
sternocleidomastoid
angle of jaw
43
Effect of the ANS on the Heart
| Parasympathetic
```
Decreases:
HR
Force of contraction
BP
Respiratory rates
```
Constricts coronary vessels
44
Microcalcifications
Show up on mammogram
| risk factor for producing breast cancer
45
Central venous lines in neck vs peripheral line
IJV
Subclavian
EJV is peripheral
46
Alimentry System
The alimentary system extends from the lips to the anus
47
Inferior messteric artery supplies
desecnding colon
sigmoid
rectum
48
What does the hemiazygous vein drain into
the azygous
49
Celiac trunk artery supplies
liver gall bladder
stomach spleen
Duodenum
50
Innervation of the heart
| Afferent Sympathetic fibers
Afferents to upper thoracic and lower cervical ganglia
Function: feedback on blood pressure, pain sensation
51
Aortic valve stenosis
Most frequent valve abnormality
Common in the 6th decade of life
Due to calcified valves
Causes left ventricular hypertrophy as the heart works harder to pump blood through aortic valve
Causes mid-systolic murmur that is harsh
S1 problem (during systole)
52
Fat in the breast
Fat lobule
53
most common type of cancer of the breast
Intraductal carcinoma
54
Innervation of the heart
| Efferent Sympathetic fibers
Cardiac nerves from the lower cervical and upper thoracic ganglia
Function: increasing heart rate, increasing the force of contraction of the myocardium
55
Nerve supply to pericardium
```
Phrenic nerves (C3-C5)– sensory
also the arm nerves which is why cardiac pain can be refered to arm
```
Vagus nerves (CN X)-uncertain
Sympathetic trunks – vasomotor
56
3 Hiatus
Aortic Hiatus (Aorta, Azygous vein, Thoracic Duct)
Esophageal Hiatus (Esophagus, Vagus)
Caval Hiatus (IVC)
57
What happens when venous pressure rises
EJV becomes more prominent
58
nipple
has multiple openings for breast feeding
59
Left marginal supplys
Left ventricle
Comes circumflex of LCA
60
Most common cause of a blue (cyanotic) baby
Tetralogy of Fallot
61
What does observation of distention of the EJV reveal
Signs of heart failure
obstruction of SVC
enlarged supraclavicular lymph nodes
increased intrathoracic pressure
62
3 layers of heart wall
endocardium (lines valves and heart)
Myocardium (thickest)
Epicardium (thin external layer)
63
SMA
| Superior messenteric artery
Comes off the abdominal aorta
is superior to inferior messenteric artery
supplies blood to the small intestine, large intestine
64
Efferent
Motor
SAME DAVE
Sensory Dorsal
Afferent Afferent
Motor Ventral
Efferent Efferent
65
vestibular folds
false vocal cords
more lateral to true vocal cords
66
Tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis
Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
Overriding Aorta
Vetricular Septal Defect
Most common cause of a blue (cyanotic) baby
67
When are the coronary arteries filled
during diastole
rest period
due to retrograde flow from aortic arch
68
Innervation of the heart
| Efferent Parasympathetic fibers
Vagus nerve
Function: reducing the heart rate, reducing the force of contraction of the heart, vasoconstriction of the coronary arteries
69
invasive ductal carcinoma
cancer has invaded the basement membrane of the duct of the breast
Most common invasive form of breast cancer
70
why do the breasts enlarge
the lobules enlarge due to milk
71
Ligaments that are part of Greater omentum
Gastrophrenic ligament
Gastrosplenic ligament
Gastrocolic ligament
Greater omentum
72
Milk producing structures in breast
Lobules
73
Celiac trunk
left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery
74
What is anterior to anterior scalene and anterior to brachial plexus
phrenic nerve
75
process for EJ placement
Trendelenburg
Take deep breath
turn head away
EJ crosses over sternocleidomastoid
76
lactiferous sinus
collects and holds milk
77
most common location of cancer in breasts
upper outer quadrant
78
Afferent
Sensory
SAME DAVE
Sensory Dorsal
Afferent Afferent
Motor Ventral
Efferent Efferent
79
Posterior interventricular supplys
both ventricles
posterior septum
80
Pansystolic
All the way through systole (contraction)
| VSD Murmur
81
Inferior EKG leads
II
III
AVF
82
DCIS
| Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
Precursor to breast cancer
(at same site)
Hasn't invaded the basement membrane,
is contained within the duct
83
Retro peritoneal structures
```
Rectum
Ascending colon
descending colon
Right kidney
Bare portion of liver
```
84
Right upper quadrant of abdomen
```
Liver
gall bladder
R kidney
Adrenal gland
Colon - Hepatic flexure, right transverse
Duodenum
Head of pancreas
Small intestine
Pyloris of stomach
```
85
Left upper quadrant of abdomen
```
Stomach
Tip of liver
Spleen
Most of pancreas
Left kidney
Adrenal gland
Colon - splenic flexure, left transverse
Small intestine - jejunum
```
86
Right lower quadrant of abdomen
Colon - ascending
Cecum
Appndix
Small intestine - ileum
87
Left lower quadrant of abdomen
Colon - Descending, sigmoid
| Small intestine
88
Where is the appendix located
At the tip of the cecum (large intestine)
| lower right quadrant
89
Umblicus level
L3/L4
90
Should you suture muscle or fascia
Don’t suture muscle, muscle won't hold suture,
| Suture fascia
91
The six common causes of abdominal protrusion
The six common causes of abdominal protrusion begin with the letter F:
food, fluid, fat, feces, flatus, and fetus
92
Eversion of the umbilicus may be a sign of
increased intra-abdominal pressure, usually resulting from ascites
93
Top and bottom margin of abdominal quadrants
Xiphoid is upper margin of top abdominal quadrants
Pubis is lower margin
One of most common LLQ pain is diverticulitis
94
One of most common LLQ pain
is diverticulitis
95
Pain out of proportion to exam
Arterial supply problem
Faking it
96
What does the pylorus do
Pylorus stores food and is a valve to stop retrograde flow
97
Common cause of upper abdominal pain in pediatrics
pneumonia
98
Portal triad =
Biliary duct, Hepatic artery, Bile duct
Each section of liver has its own portal vein, hepatic vein and hepatic artery
redundancy
99
The celiac trunk
is a branch of the abdominal aorta, arising immediately inferior to the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm (T12 vertebral level).
divides into the left gastric, common hepatic, and splenic arteries.
supplies the liver, gallbladder, inferior esophagus, stomach, pancreas, spleen, and duodenum.
100
Where are the papilla
2nd segment of duodenum
Ascending duodenum
Minor is above the major
101
Portal venous system drains
all of the bowel
102
Portal hypertension
= hemorrhoids, espophageal varicies, caput medussa
103
2 ways to drain distal esophagus
= Azygous vein, Left gastric
104
Chronic inflammation
(ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease)
105
Right Varicocele
Right varicocele always abnormal
106
Rupture of an aortic aneurysm
(localized enlargement of the abdominal aorta) causes severe pain in the abdomen or back.
107
(FAST)
Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma
108
Fast exam
Pericardial
Right flank (hepatorenal view or "Morison's pouch")
Left flank (perisplenic view)
Pelvic (retrovesical views)
Thoracic (pneumothorax and hemothorax)
109
Retroperitoneal
```
Kidneys
ureter
bladder
adrenal gland
esophagus
dudodenum
Pancreas except tail
IVC
Aorta
```
110
Where is iron absorbed in the body
duodenum
| proximal jejunum
111
What suspends the duodenum
The ligament of treitz (duodenal ligament)
112
What is line between upper GI bleeding and lower GI bleeding
The ligament of treitz
Proximal to ligament is upper gi bleeding
Distal is lower gi bleeding
113
Grey turner sign
common in hemorrhagic pancreatitis
114
bifurcation of iliac arteries
L4/L5
115
Listen to bruits of illiacs at
L4/L5
116
Each section of liver has its own
portal vein, hepatic vein and hepatic artery
| redundancy
117
This opening is the narrowest part of the biliary passages and is the common site for?
The bile duct joins the main pancreatic duct, forming the hepatopancreatic ampulla, which opens on the major duodenal papilla.
impaction of a gallstone.
118
Dome of bladder
intra peritoneal
119
Pectinate line
Hemmorhoids above the line are painless
120
Rectal sensation below pectinate line due to
S2, S3, S4
121
Crossover location of SMA
Superior mesenteric artery goes over the left renal vein
122
Gonadal veins
Left gonadal vein goes off the left renal vein
Right gonadal vein comes off the IVC
123
What goes over the right ureter
Right gonadal vein
124
Right varicoseal is always abnormal
could be a mass
left can have back flow
right doesn t have that issue
125
What are the anterior branches off the abdominal aorta
celiac trunk
SMA
IMA
126
Where does the thoracic duct empty
SVC
127
Level of kidney
L1-L2
128
Color of fluid on ultrasound
Black
