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PAM Semester 1 > Applied Medical Science Exam 3 > Flashcards

Applied Medical Science Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the transesophogeal ridge develop into?

A

The Tracheoesophageal Ridge Forms a Septum to

Separate the Trachea and Esophagus

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2
Q

What does the respiratory diverticulum develop into?

A

The respiratory diverticulum lengthens to form the trachea and
then divides to form two lung buds

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3
Q

What do the long buds develop into?

A

These buds divide into three branches on the right and two on the left, reflecting the number of lobes of the respective lungs on those sides

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4
Q

Types of alveolar cells

A

Type 1
Type 2

16% of alveolar cells are present at birth; remainder develop for
10 years

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5
Q

Type 1 Alveolar cells

A

Gas Exchange

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6
Q

Type 2 Alveolar cells

A

(6.5-7 months) = secrete surfactant =
reduces surface tension in the alveoli so they can remain open
during breathing. If not for surfactant, alveoli would collapse.

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7
Q

Pleura of lungs

A

Visceral pleura covers the lungs directly

Parietal pleura forms the lung cavity

Both are formed from the lateral plate of the mesoderm

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8
Q

3 domains of life

A

Bacteria
archaea
Eukarya

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9
Q

Domian bacteria

A 
Usually single‐celled.
Majority have cell wall with 
peptidoglycan.
Most lack a membrane‐bound 
nucleus.
Ubiquitous and some live in 
extreme environments.
Cyanobacteria produce 
significant amounts of oxygen.
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10
Q

Domain Eukarya

A

Protists—generally larger than Bacteria and Archaea.
• Algae—photosynthetic.
• Protozoa—may be motile, “hunters, grazers”.
• Slime molds—two life cycle stages.
• Water molds—devastating disease in plants.
Fungi.
• Yeast—unicellular.
• Molds and mushrooms—multicellular.

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11
Q

Domain Archaea

A 
Distinguished from Bacteria by 
unique rRNA gene sequences.
Lack peptidoglycan in cell walls.
Have unique membrane lipids.
Some have unusual metabolic 
characteristics. 
Many live in extreme 
environments.
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12
Q

Spontaneous generation.

A

• Idea that living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter

Francesco Redi (1626 to 1697).
• Discredited spontaneous generation.

Louis Pasteur - swan neck flasks

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13
Q

Gram negative

A

Gram negative ‐ peptidoglycan cell wall, surrounded by
an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide.

Gram negative ‐ three principal layers in the envelope;
the outer membrane, the peptidoglycan cell wall, and
the cytoplasmic or inner membrane
.

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14
Q

Gram positive

A

Gram‐positive ‐ lack an outer membrane, surrounded by layers of peptidoglycan many times thicker than is found in the Gram‐negatives

In Gram positives ‐ threading through these layers of
peptidoglycan are long polymers called teichoic acids

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15
Q

Chemotaxis

A

• Move toward chemical attractants such as nutrients, away
from harmful substances.
• Move in response to temperature, light, oxygen, osmotic
pressure, and gravity.

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16
Q

Gram stain reactions in cell wall

A

Gram stain reaction due to nature of cell wall.
Shrinkage of the pores of peptidoglycan layer of Gram‐
positive cells.

• Constriction prevents loss of crystal violet during
decolorization step.

Thinner peptidoglycan layer and larger pores of Gram‐
negative bacteria do not prevent loss of crystal violet.

• Alcohol may also remove/extract some lipids from outer layer of Gram‐negative cell wall, making crystal violet dye removal easier.

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17
Q

Steps of gram stain

A

Add crystal violet stain over the fixed culture. Let stand for 10 to 60 seconds; Rinse

Add the iodine solution on the smear, . Let stand for 10 to 60 seconds. Rinse

Add a few drops of alcohol, Rinse it off with water after 5 seconds.

Counterstain with basic fuchsin solution for 40 to 60 seconds, Rinse

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18
Q

Flagellar Movement

A

Flagellum rotates like a

• Very rapid rotation up to
1100 revolutions/sec.

• In general, counterclockwise
(CCW) rotation causes
forward motion (run).

• In general, clockwise rotation
(CW) disrupts run causing
cell to stop and tumble.

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19
Q

Chlamydia

A

Elementary body (EB) attaches to host cell.

  • Reticulate body (RB) reproduction by binary fission.
  • Differentiate back into EB, lyses cell.

Releases EB’s

Cycle repeats

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20
Q

Chlamydia Metabolism information

A

Cannot catabolize carbohydrates.

Cannot synthesize ATP or NAD+
. • Import up from host.
• Do have genes for substrate-level phosphorylation, electrontransport, and oxidative phosphorylation.

RBs have biosynthetic capabilities when supplied
precursors from host; can synthesize some amino acids.

EBs seem to be dormant forms.

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21
Q

Spirochete diseases.

A

Lyme disease

syphilis

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22
Q

Mycobacterium cell walls

A

Outer membrane contains mycolic acids
linked to peptidoglycan by arabinogalactan, a
polysaccharide.

  • Cell walls very hydrophobic.
  • Impenetrable by antibiotics.

Basic fuchsin dye not removed by acid
alcohol treatment.

• non-acid-fast bacteria easily decolorize
on the addition of the acid-alcohol and
take up the counterstain dye of
methylene blue and appear blue.

This technique identifies Mycobacterium
tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae

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23
Q

Mycobacterium types

A

M. bovis. • Tuberculosis in cattle, other ruminants, and
primates.

M. tuberculosis. • Tuberculosis in humans.

M. leprae. • Leprosy.

M. avium complex (MAC).
• Various diseases.

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24
Q

Streptomycetales

A

Provide us with antibiotics

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25
Bifidobacteriales
Pathogens and Probiotics
26
Bacillus
Produce the antibiotics bacitracin, gramicidin, and polymyxin. B. cereus—food poisoning. B. anthracis—anthrax. B. thuringiensis and B. sphaericus—used as insecticide
27
Three Groups of Streptococci
Pyogenic (pus producing) streptococci. • For example, S. pyogenes—streptococcal sore throat, acute glomerulonephritis, and rheumatic fever. Oral streptococci. • For example, S. mutans—dental caries. Other streptococci. • For example, S. pneumoniae—pneumonia and otitis media.
28
Prion diseases
TSE Bovine spongeform Kuru Creutzfeld Jakob
29
Prions
Abnormaly folded proteins
30
Protists
Flagellated lack mitochondria some have mitosomes Protozoa—wide distribution in nature; single-celled eukaryotic chemoorganotrophs.
31
Naegleria fowleri
Protozoan Amebic Meningoencephalitis Muscosal Membranes: Ears, Eyes, Nose, Genitals
32
Acanthamoeba spp.
Protozoan Amebic Meningoencephalitis Muscosal Membranes: Ears, Eyes, Nose, Genitals
33
Entamoeba histolytica
Protozoan Amebiasis Intestinal tract
34
Trypanosoma brucei
Protozoan African sleeping sickness Blood
35
Plasmodium spp.
Protozoan Malaria Blood
36
Baltimore classification
7 groups ``` Double DNA Single DNA Double RNA Single RNA + Single RNA - Single RNA Reverse transcriptase (Retrovirus) Double DNA Reverse transcriptase ```
37
Double DNA
Baltimore classification Group Mode of production: mRNA is transcribed directly from the DNA template Example: T4 bacteriophage Herpes simplex Largest group of known viruses. Most bacteriophages and archaeal viruses.
38
Single DNA
Baltimore classification Group Single-Stranded DNA Viruses Use a Double-Stranded Intermediate in Their Life Cycles Bacteriophage oX174
39
Double RNA
Baltimore classification Group RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Replicates the Genome and Synthesizes mRNA Rotavirus
40
Single RNA +
Baltimore classification Group Mode of production: plus stranded ``` Example: Polio Zika Hep A Eastern Quine Encephalitis ```
41
Single RNA -
Baltimore classification Group Mode of production: Cannot serve as mRNA to form viral proteins Must bring pre-formed RNA-dependent RNA polymerase into cell ``` Example: RSV Influenza Ebola Rabies ```
42
Single RNA Reverse transcriptase | Retrovirus
Baltimore classification Group Mode of production: Plus-Strand Viruses That Use Reverse Transcriptase in Their Life Cycles Example: HIV
43
Double DNA Reverse transcriptase
Baltimore classification Group Mode of production: Production of new virions takes place largely inside of liver cells (hepatocytes) Example: Hep B
44
Other protists and fungi
Fornicata Microaerophilic protist Pathogenic Trichomonads Trypanosomes—Pathogenic Euglenozoa Entamoebida Apicomlexans
45
Main types of mutations
Frameshift mutations Chromosomal Mutations
46
Frameshift mutations
Addition or deletion much more profound consequences alter reading downstream frames Huntingtons
47
Chromosomal mutations
Deletions (part of chromosome is lost) Duplication (part is copied) Inversion (part is reversed) Translocation (part is moved)
48
Gram positive
Agar Catalase test C diff, MRSA, VRE (most common resistant)
49
Gram Negative
Oxidase Agar Broth ``` Campylobacter Cholera E coli influenza legionaires pertussis salmonella typhoid psuedomonas plague ```
50
Point mutation
Mutation of single base | sickle cell
51
Base substitution
``` Silent mutation (same AA is inserted) doesn't change function AAG - AAA ``` ``` Nonsense mutation (codon changed to "stop" codon) AAG - UAG ``` ``` Missense mutation (changes amino acid) differnet protein codon AAG - AGG Purine to Purine (Transistion) Purine to pyrimidine (transversion) ```
52
Haploid
1 set of chromosomes
53
Diploid
2 complete sets of chromosomes Humans are diploid and have 46 total chromosomes 23 pairs
54
Dominant
The phenotype can be seen whe either homo or heterozygous
55
Recessive
The phenotype can only be seen if homozygous
56
Chargoff rules
A is equal to T C is equal to G Purines and pyrimidine are proportional Purines are A & G Pyrimidines are C & T
57
Rosalind franklin
Performed xray diffraction studies to ID 3D structures Discoverd that DNA is Helical Determined that the molecule has a uniform diameter
58
Blood Type | A+
A+ can receive from: A+, A-, O+, O- A+ can donate to: A+, AB+
59
Blood Type | O+
O+ can receive from: O+, O- O+ can donate to: O+, A+, B+, AB+
60
Blood Type | B+
B+ can receive from: B+, B-, O+, O- B+ can donate to: B+, AB+
61
Blood Type | AB+
AB+ can receive from: ALL (universal recipient) AB+ can donate to: AB+
62
Blood Type | A-
A- can receive from: A-, O- A- can donate to: A+, A-, AB+, AB-
63
Blood Type | O-
O- can receive from: O- O- can donate to: ALL (Universal Donor)
64
Blood Type | B-
B- can receive from: B-, O- B- can donate to: B+, B-, AB+, AB-
65
Blood Type | AB-
AB- can receive from: AB-, A-, B-, O- AB- can donate to: AB+, AB-
66
Blood type antibodies
Blood type has the antibody of the letter that is mssing ``` Examples Type A has B antibodies Type B has A antibodies Type O has A & B antibodies Type AB has no antibodies ```
67
DNA structure make up
5 carbon sugar with a phosphate group attached then 1 of 4 nitrogenous bases attached A,C,G,T Hydrogen bonds hold the 2 starnds together lightly so they can be pulled apart in transcription phosphodiester bonds join adjacent nucleotides covalent bonds DNA strand is coiled arounf 8 Histone proteins every 200 nucleotides
68
Polygenic traits
controlled by many genes
69
Pleiotrophy
the ability of a single gene to have multiple effects on phenotypes Examples: Hemophilia Factor VIII deficiency
70
Lysogenic vs Lytic
Lysogenic= Infected cell replicates creating new cells that are already infected Lytic= infected cell ruptures releasing infection to spread and infect new cells
71
Lysogenic cycle
Phage infects cell Phage inserts self into Cells DNA Cell replicates with New DNA in it New replicated cells are already infected with modified phage DNA
72
Lytic cycle
Phage infects cell Phage DNA circularizes Host cell is used to make new phage DNA and Phage proteins Phage eventually bursts and spreads new phages (Primary way Phages replicate)
73
Proteobacteria
Gram negative The largest phylogenetically coherent bacterial group with more than 500 genera. Class Alphaproteobacteria Class Betaproteobacteria Class Gammaproteobacteria CLass Epsilonproteobacteria
74
Proteobacteria | Class Alphaproteobacteria
Gram negative Most are oligotrophs. Rickettsiales– Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Metabolically diverse. • Methylotrophy, chemolithotrophs, nitrogen fixers
75
Proteobacteria | Class Betaproteobacteria
Gram negative Considerable metabolic diversity. Chemoorganotrophs, photolithotrophs, and chemolithotrophs. Neisseria gonorrhoeae—gonorrhea. Neisseria meningitidis—some cases of bacterial meningitis. Burkholderiales Genus Bordetella
76
Proteobacteria | Class Gammaproteobacteria
Gram negative Largest subgroup of proteobacteria. • Contains 14 orders and 27 families Very diverse physiological types. • Chemoorganotrophs, photolithotrophs, chemolithotrophs, methylotrophs • Aerobic and anaerobic. Genus Thiomicrospira Genus Coxiella Genus Legionella Genus Pseudomonas Escherichia coli Order Vibrionales Order Pasteurellales ``` Order Enterobacteriales Salmonella—typhoid fever and gastroenteritis. Shigella—bacillary dysentery. Klebsiella—pneumonia. Family Yersiniaceae Yersinia—plague. ```
77
Proteobacteria | Class Epsilonproteobacteria
Gram Negative Smallest of proteobacterial classes. Genus Campylobacter Genus Helicobacter
78
Gram Positive bacteria
``` Actinobacteria Corynebacterium (diphtheria) Mycobacterium (tuberculosis, bovis, leprosy) Nocardia. Propionibacteriales (Acne) Streptomycetales: (scabies) Bifidobacteriales Bacillales Thermoactinomyces Staphylococcaceae Listeria Lactobacillales ```

PAM Semester 1 (16 decks)

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