Gross Anatomy of Brain and Spinal Cord Part 2

Question 1

what marks the location of the visual cortex

Answer 1

calcarine sulcus

Question 2

what are the parts of the corpus callosum

Answer 2

genu, body, splenium and rostrum

Question 3

what are the coronal radiata

Answer 3

fibres running to and from the cortex and thalamus beneath the grey matter (run through internal capsule)

Question 4

what are the parts of the internal capsule

Answer 4

anterior limb, posterior limb and genu

Question 5

where does the anterior limb of the internal capsule run

Answer 5

between head of caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus

Question 6

where does the posterior limb of the internal capsule run

Answer 6

between lentiform nucleus and thalamus

Question 7

what does the lentiform nucleus consist of

Answer 7

putamen and globus pallidus

Question 8

why is the internal capsule vulnerable for stroke

Answer 8

because it is supplied by narrow arteries and which are easily blocked and it also has lots of nerves running through it which will have a devastating effect on the other side of body

Question 9

where does the corticospinal tract run

Answer 9

passes through the lateral aspect of the posterior limb all the way through the CNS

Question 10

what does the corticospinal tract mediate

Answer 10

voluntary movement across the body

Question 11

what are the 5 basal nuclei

Answer 11

caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen , subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra

Question 12

what is the corpus striatum made up of

Answer 12

caudate nucleus and putamen + globus pallidus

Question 13

what is nuclei

Answer 13

grey matter connected to the thalamus, cortex and neighbouring nuclei

Question 14

what do the nuclei do

Answer 14

project neurons to the thalamus with the thalamus acting as a relay for information to the cerebral cortex

Question 15

what does damage to the basal nuclei result in

Answer 15

loss of control of movements (parkinsons/huntingtons)

Question 16

what does the hypothalamus do

Answer 16

maintains homeostasis, monitors internal environment, controls release of hormones from pituitary gland

Question 17

how does the hypothalamus control the release of hormones from pituitary gland

Answer 17

through releasing hormones

Question 18

where does the pituitary gland sit

Answer 18

in the sellae turcica in the middle cranial fossa

Question 19

what connects the pituitary gland and hypothalamus

Answer 19

pituitary stalk

Question 20

what is the function of the pituitary gland

Answer 20

regulates hormone release through releasing or inhibiting hormones

Question 21

what hormones does the pituitary gland release

Answer 21

growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone

Question 22

what is acromegaly caused by

Answer 22

overproduction of growth hormone by pituitary gland (pituitary tumour)

Question 23

what do the symptoms of acromegaly include

Answer 23

growth of hands and feet, voice deeper, lips nose and tongue larger

Question 24

if acromegaly is left untreated what can it lead to

Answer 24

high blood pressure, diabetes, sleep apnoea

Question 25

what are ventricles

Answer 25

fluid filled cavities within the brain that provide protection to the brain

Question 26

what do the ventricles produce

Answer 26

CSF

Question 27

what part of the ventricles produces CSF

Answer 27

choroidal epithelial cells of choroid plexus

Question 28

what are the different ventricles

Answer 28

lateral, 3rd, 4th

Question 29

what are the lateral ventricles separated by

Answer 29

septum pellucidum

Question 30

what connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle

Answer 30

interventricular foramen

Question 31

what connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

Answer 31

cerebral aqueduct

Question 32

what does the CSF leave the 4th ventricle by

Answer 32

lateral / median apertures

Question 33

what happens if there is a blockage in the lateral and median apertures in the ventricular system

Answer 33

blockage, accumulation of CSF, distension of ventricles and compression of cerebral hemispheres

Question 34

how does the CSF protect the brain

Answer 34

by providing a cushion and buffer against blows to the head. provides buoyance in subarachnoid spaces preventing the brain from crushing the cranial nerve roots and blood vessels

Question 35

where does the CSF go after being circulated through the subarachnoid space

Answer 35

reabsorbed into the venous system through arachnoid villi and granulations

Question 36

what is the decussation of pyramids

Answer 36

structure in nervous system (brainstem) where fibres cross to the opposite side

Question 37

where does the spinal cord begin

Answer 37

at foramen magnum of skull as continuation of medulla

Question 38

where does the spinal cord end

Answer 38

L1/L2 vertebrae

Question 39

what is the inferior end of the spinal cord known as

Answer 39

conus medullaris

Question 40

what does the conus medullaris continue as at the end of the spinal cord

Answer 40

filum terminale

Question 40

what does the conus medullaris continue as at the end of the spinal cord

Answer 40

filum terminale

Question 41

what does the filum terminale do

Answer 41

anchor spinal cord to coccyx

Question 42

what are the 2 enlargements in the spinal cord

Answer 42

cervical and lumbosacral enlargements

Question 43

where is the cervical enlargement and what does it supply

Answer 43

C4-T1 - upper limbs

Question 44

where is the lumbosacral enlargement and what does it supply

Answer 44

T1-S1 - lower limbs

Question 45

what do the ventral horns innervate

Answer 45

efferent motor

Question 46

what do the dorsal horns innervate

Answer 46

afferent sensory

Question 47

what is the canal in the middle of the spinal horns filled by

Answer 47

CSF

Question 48

what do the ventral and dorsal nerves converge to become

Answer 48

spinal nerve

Question 49

where do the spinal nerves emerge from

Answer 49

adjacent vertebrae (except C1)

Question 50

where does c1 spinal nerve emerge from

Answer 50

between occipital bone of skull and C1 atlas

Question 51

what is the spinal cord protected by

Answer 51

meninges

Question 52

what does the spinal epidural space do

Answer 52

separate the spinal dura from the bony canal

Question 53

what are the layers protecting the spinal cord

Answer 53

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater, epidural fat

Question 54

what is a myotome

Answer 54

anatomically and functionally related group of skeletal muscle innervated by a single nerve

Question 55

what is a dermatome

Answer 55

localised area of skin innervated by a single nerve

Question 56

why does C1 not have a dermatome

Answer 56

it doesnt have an afferent component

Question 57

where do the sensory afferent fibres synapse

Answer 57

in thalamus and spinal ganglia