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GOPSEA Flashcards

1
Q

Luzon 1990 Earthquake Magnitude

A

Ms 7.8

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2
Q

Average Velocities of Pacific, Eurasian and Indo-Australian Plates

A

80, 3, 107 mm/yr respectively

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3
Q

West Philippine Basin comprises ____% of the PSP.

A

50%

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4
Q

WPB Two stage opening by Hilde and Lee (1984)

A

Stage 1: 60-45 Ma, NE-SW, 4.4 cm/yr half spread rate
Stage 2: 45-35 Ma, N-S, 1.8 cm/yr half spread rate

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5
Q

Draw and Label the parts of PSP

A

(Search)

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6
Q

Represents the volcanic arc formed by the transformation of an old transform fault into a subduction zone arising from the kinematic reorganization of PSP around ____ Ma.

A

Palau-Kyushu Ridge; 43 Ma

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7
Q

____ Marianas Ridge is active today. ____ Marianas Ridge is active between 20-9 Ma.

A

East; West

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8
Q

The three main kinematic parameters of the PSP with respect to Eurasia.

A
  1. Rotation pole located NE of Japan
  2. Relative displacement rate variation from N (3 cm/yr) to S on the southern end of Ph Trench (9 cm/yr)
  3. Relative displacement direction from N (clockwise addition) to S (counterclockwise addition)
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9
Q

Prior to PSP present day kinematics WNW since 5 Ma, the plate was moving _______.

A

NNW or northwardly

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10
Q

The marginal basins: SCS, Sulu Sea, and Celebes Sea is the result of _____________ within ________ times.

A

Lithospheric thinning, Neogene

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11
Q

Opening of SCS allowed the drifting away of __________ block from mainland China.

A

Palawan-Mindoro microcontinental block

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12
Q

Corresponds to a volcanic arc that was active until the end of early Miocene

A

Cagayan Ridge

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13
Q

________________ is manifested as a group of islands with some classified in ________________ times with one active volcano named: ____________

A

Sulu-Zamboanga Arc; Pleistocene-Holocene; Bud Dajo

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14
Q

The only volcano at which humans witnessed its birth and thus the most studied volcano.

A

Paricutin

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15
Q

What are the 4 existing models of origin of marginal basins.

A

Back-arc basin, Continental Domain basin, Extrusion tectonics basin, and Trapped basin

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16
Q

Describe the subduction of PSP under the PH arc along the PH trench.

A

Subduction is youngest North of the trench and is propagating south due to shallow benioff zones (20° at N, 45° at S)

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17
Q

Why is the PH trench considered a nascent subduction zone.

A

Compressive structures that should exist due to the subduction zone are simply absent.

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18
Q

Represents the subduction of SCS under Luzon Arc

A

Manila Trench

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19
Q

This trench is deep in its southern portion but flattens off towards the north.

A

Manila Trench

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20
Q

It is where the oceanic crust of Sulu Sea Basin is being consumed.

A

Negros Trench

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21
Q

This feature (what direction) appears to link Cotabato Trench and Negros Trench.

A

Cotabato Fault (left-lateral)

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22
Q

It represents an active orogenic belt resulting from the collision of the western edge of the PSP with the Eurasian margin. When did it initiate?

A

Taiwan (continent-arc collision); along kinematic reorganization (Pliocene-4Ma)

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23
Q

Here, the Palawan-Mindoro microcontinent enters into collision with the central portion of PMB. What age did it initiate?

A

Mindoro- Panay (arc-continent collision); Miocene (along cessation of SCS accretion)

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24
Q

Represents double-vergent subduction that causes the collision of two active volcanic arcs in Mindanao. When did the collision initiate?

A

Moluccas Sea (arc-arc collision); Late Miocene

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25
Q

Philippine archipelago can be divided into 2 geologic entities.

A

PMB and Palawan-Mindoro microcontinental block

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26
Q

The following are all pre-Cretaceous metamorphic rocks of continental origin, except:

North Palawan, Zamboanga, Bicol, Eastern Mindanao, Panay, Mindoro

A

Bicol and Eastern Mindanao (Both are from Cretaceous metamorphic rocks og insular arc affinity)

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27
Q

Early-Late Cretaceous ophiolitic rocks.
a. Montalban
b. Palawan
c. NE Luzon
d. Zambales
e. Mindoro

A

NE Luzon, and Montalban

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28
Q

Eocene ophiolitic rocks
a. Montalban
b. Palawan
c. NE Luzon
d. Zambales
e. Mindoro

A

Palawan and Zambales

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29
Q

Oligocene ophiolitic rocks
a. Montalban
b. Palawan
c. NE Luzon
d. Zambales
e. Mindoro

A

Mindoro

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30
Q

Enumerate the Five active volcanic arcs bounding the Philippine archipelago.

A
  1. Luzon Bolcanic Arc
  2. East-Philippine Volcanic Arc
  3. Negros-Panay Arc
  4. Sulu-Zamboanga Arc
  5. Cotabato Arc
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31
Q

Oil was discovered in Nido, Palawan in _______
a. 1973
b. 1976
c. 1978
d. 1986

A

1976

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32
Q

This basin is structurally controlled by Vigan-Aggao Fault. North: Seds derived from __________. West: Turbidites overlie __________ ophiolites. East: Significant volcanic sources.

A

Ilocos-Central Luzon Basin, Central Cordillera, Zambales

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33
Q

Basin related to Miocene to Pliocene shallow-marine transition to river-related sediments. It is gently sloping westward, while the western side is more deformed. Includes coal, turbidites, and intrusions.

A

Cagayan Valley Basin

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34
Q

The lower layers of this basin are composed of limestones and highly deformed turbidites. Traversed longitudinally by PH fault. Youngest are shallow water deposits and reefal limestones.

A

Southern Luzon - Bicol Basin

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35
Q

Tertiary deposits of this basin are from North Palawan Block and SCS ophiolitic crust. Tuffs, tuffites, and volcanic conglomerates.

A

Mindoro Basin

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36
Q

Asymmetric basin filled with deformed and uplifted Oligocene-Miocene deposits and relatively undeformed Quaternary deposits. Thrust over volcaniclastics developed over an ophiolitic and melange basement.

A

Iloilo Basin

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37
Q

It is the thickest and deepest basin in the Philippines

A

Agusan-Davao Basin (>12km)

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38
Q

A basin installed unconformably over a deformed volcaniclastic basement. Plio-Pleistocene layers are separated by at least 3 major unconformities.

A

Visayan Sea Basin

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39
Q

Basin with similar stratigraphic characteristics as Visayan Sea Basin. Oligocene-Miocene volcaniclastics unconformably overlie mixed basement of ophiolites and metamorphic rocks.

A

Samar Basin

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40
Q

This basin is mainly of relatively undeformed shallow marine deposits, grading into deltaic and fluviatile deposits toward South. Upper Miocene - Pleistocene deposits are exposed.

A

Cotabato Basin

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41
Q

To establish a clear relationship between seismicity and activity along Philippine Fault, the __________ earthquake of ______ reopened debates on this particular problem.

A

Ragay Gulf Earthquake M7.3 of 1973

42
Q

Age, length, and slip rate of PH Fault

A

< 5 Ma, 1200km, 2-3 cm/yr

43
Q

Segment of the Philippine Fault where movement is both strike-slip and a more dominant vertical thrusting. North of Dingalan Bay, the fault branches out into several strike-slip faults oriented N-S.

A

Northern Segment: NW Luzon to Lamon Bay

44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Luzon 1990 earthquake has considerable amount of vertical component.

A

FALSE

45
Q

Segment of PH fault characterized by its relatively simple structure.

A

Central Segment: Bondoc Peninsula to Leyte

46
Q

Segment of PH Fault that displays southward decrease in slip rate from 2.4 cm/yr to 1.0 cm/yr. It is said that the fault reactivates old normal faults related to the formation of the Agusan-Davao Basin.

A

Southern Segment: Mindanao and the Moluccas

47
Q

This describes the mechanism of Ph Fault stating that, the fault accomodates a component of the oblique convergence between PSP and the archipelago.

A

Shear Partitioning

48
Q

This fault consists of two NE trending faults, dominantly right-lateral. The eastern segment is said to be young because of the unconsolidated nature of the alluvium. No recent seismic activity yet.

A

Valley Fault System

49
Q

This fault corresponds to the alignment of recent and active volcanoes like Taal, Banahaw, Makiling, Malepunyo, and the maars of Laguna province. It’s northern boundary is marked by the Tagaytay Ridge. What slip direction?

A

Macolod Corridor, left-lateral

50
Q

This fault structure play a significant role in the transition from subduction along the Manila trench to collision in the Mindoro-Palawan-Panay area. What is the slip direction?

A

Luband-Verde Passage Fault System (left-lateral)

51
Q

This fault produced a M7.1 earthquake in 1994 and caused considerable damage to coastal areas of northeastern Mindoro. What is the slip direction?

A

Mindoro/Aglubang fault (right lateral)

52
Q

It is a new branch of the PH Fault (Bischke et al., 1990) and functions independently from it (Aurelio, 1992). It is relayed with the Verde Passage fault by an aborted spreading center under a transtensional tectonic regime. Slip direction?

A

Sibuyan Sea Fault (left-lateral)

53
Q

This fault is a manifestation of a dilational jog along a left-lateral fault system. In the Ragay Gulf area, this structure is clearly evident on seismic profiles and appears to interact with the PH fault close to shore in Buenavista, Quezon.

A

Legaspi Lineament

54
Q

This fault is a tectonic boundary between the Palawan-Mindoro microcontinental block and the western edge of the PMB. Appears to connect to the Negros Trench southwards. Slip movement?

A

Tablas Lineament (right lateral)

55
Q

This fault has two distinct segments that separate the Daguma Range from the Cotabato Basin. It seems to cut the Mt. Parker Volcano thus it is of young age along with the uplift of the Daguma Range.

A

Mindanao Fault

56
Q

It is a 42 station network project that allowed the analysis of the present day motion of tectonic blocks in and around the Philippines.

A

GEODYSSEA (Geodynamics of South and Southeast Asia)

57
Q

The accretion of _________ and _________ may have a significant influence on the westerly relative plate motion observed in the Davao station. Meaning there might be a possible seismic gap along the Davao-Tagum area.

A

Sangihe and Halmahera arc

58
Q

Continentally derived basement rocks include sedimentary, carbonate, and igneous rocks found in ________, __________, __________, and _________. These rocks are believed to have been originated from _________ before the opening of SCS between 32 Ma and 17 Ma

A

Palawan, Mindoro, western Panay, Romblon Island Group; mainland Asia

59
Q

Youngest basement rocks

A

Amnay Ophiolite of Mindoro (Late Oligocene)

60
Q

These rocks are composed of volcaniclastic sequences and are as widespread as ophiolites.

A

Arc Basement Rocks

61
Q

The oldest rocks are found in ______ and consist of _________ rocks

A

Palawan; Middle Carboniferous limestones

62
Q

Bacuit Formation of Northern Palawan is indexed by conodont _________________ at age __________.

A

Gondolella rosen Krantzi

63
Q

This formation is indexed by conodonts Priodiodella periodic dellides and Neohindeodella uniforma and radiolarians.

A

Liminangsong Formation of Northern Palawan.

64
Q

Basement of the sequence in Iloilo
a. Halcon Metamorphic Complex
b. Suyo Schist
c. Abuan Formation
d. Isabela Ophiolite

A

Suyo Schist

65
Q

Basement of Northern Sierra Madre
a. Halcon Metamorphic Complex
b. Suyo Schist
c. Abuan Formation
d. Isabela Ophiolite

A

Isabela Ophiolite

66
Q

Basement of Cagayan Valley Basin
a. Halcon Metamorphic Complex
b. Suyo Schist
c. Abuan Formation
d. Isabela Ophiolite

A

Abuan Formation

67
Q

Basement of northeastern Mindoro.
a. Halcon Metamorphic Complex
b. Suyo Schist
c. Abuan Formation
d. Isabela Ophiolite

A

Halcon Metamorphic Complex

68
Q

This formation is indexed by 3 ammonites: Perisphinctes faliabulious, Macrocephalites fabi, and zmeekoceras seeleyi

A

Mansalay Formation

69
Q

Syenite and alkali rocks also occur as Oligocene intrusions in northern Luzon.

A

Cordon Syenite Complex

70
Q

Sedimentary melanges, represent the products of ancient submarine mass transport processes.

A

Olistrosome

71
Q

In Palawan island, there is strong evidence of major subduction event occuring in the __________.

A

Mesozoic

72
Q

_____________ found in continental Palawan and sporadically in the central PMB are evidence of sedimentary deposition in deep water marine environment during this time.

A

Eocene turbidites

73
Q

From _____________ to ____________ depositional environments became shallower giving rise to shallow marine clastics, carbonates, and finally fluvial deposits.

A

Middle Miocene to Pleistocene

74
Q

The Ocean that separated Laurentia and Baltica.

A

Iapetus Ocean

75
Q

What type of basin are the following?
a. Bicol Shelf
b. Cotabato Basin
c. Sulu Sea Basin
d. Reed Bank Basin

A

Bicol Shelf (Forearc)
Cotabato Basin (Backarc)
Sulu Sea Basin (Backarc)
Reed Bank Basin (Rift basin)

76
Q

What type of basin are the following?
a. Agusan Davao Basin
b. NW Palawan Basin
c. SW Palawan Basin
d. E Palawan Basin
e. SE Luzon Basin
f. W Luzon Basin
g. Central Luzon Basin

A

a. Agusan Davao Basin (Forearc)
b. NW Palawan Basin (Rift)
c. SW Palawan Basin (Rift)
d. E Palawan Basin (Forearc)
e. SE Luzon Basin (Backarc)
f. W Luzon Basin (Forearc)
g. Central Luzon Basin (Forearc)

77
Q

What type of basins are the following:
a. Ilocos Basin
b. West Masbate-Iloilo Basin
c. Mindoro-Cuyo Basin
d. Cagayan Valley Basin
e. Visayas Sea Basin

A

a. Ilocos Basin (Forearc)
b. West Masbate-Iloilo Basin (Forearc)
c. Mindoro-Cuyo Basin (Rift)
d. Cagayan Valley Basin (Backarc)
e. Visayas Sea Basin (Backarc)

78
Q

Number of Islands in Ph

A

7641

79
Q

Number of Active, Potentially Active, and Inactive Volcanoes in the PH

A

24, 27, and 300 respectively

80
Q

Total Land Area of the PH
a. 125,863 km2
b. 71,503 km2
c. 104,530 km2
d. 343,448 km2

A

a. 125,863 km2 (Luzon)
b. 71,503 km2 (Visayas)
c. 104,530 km2 (Mindanao)
d. 343,448 km2 (Philippines)

81
Q

EEZ area of the PH
a. 2,263,816 km2
b. 3,127,112 km2
c. 343,448 km2
d. 197,336 km2

A

2,263,816 km2

82
Q

The a.) highest bridge and the b.) longest bridge in the Ph.

A

a.) Agas-Agas Bridge (89 m)
b.) Cebu-Cordova Bridge (2.1 km)

83
Q

The highest point in a.) Luzon, b.) Visayas, and c.) Mindanao. Which among the three is the highest mountain in all PH?

A

a.) Mt. Pulag - 2,928 masl
b.) Mt. Kanlaon - 2,465 masl
c.) Mt. Apo - 2,954 masl (highest mountain)

84
Q

Largest Earthquake in PH

A

Moro Gulf Earthquake - Mw 8.1

85
Q

Total Coastline Length of PH.
a.) 71,503 km
b.) 36,289 km
c.) 104,530 km
d.) 27,753 km

A

36,289 km

86
Q

Largest lake in PH

A

Laguna de Bay (903 km2)

87
Q

Deepest Lake in Ph

A

Lake Mainit - 223 m

88
Q

Strongest Typhoon recorded in Ph

A

Typhoon Yolanda (November 2013), 315 km/h

89
Q

Largest recent volcanic eruption

A

1991 Pinatubo Eruption - VEI 6

90
Q

Hottest Recorded Temperature in PH

A

Tuguegarao City (42.2°C)

91
Q

Strongest Typhoon in the PH

A

Typhoon Yolanda (int’l: Haiyan) - 2013

92
Q

Southernmost point in the PH
a. Amianan Island
b. Frances Reef
c. Pusan Point
d. Thitu Island

A

a. Amianan Island, Batanes (Northernmost)
b. Frances Reef, Tawi-tawi (Southernmost)
c. Pusan Point, Davao Oriental (Easternmost)
d. Thitu Island, Palawan (Westernmost)

93
Q

Largest Reclamation Project in PH

A

Manila Bay Freeport Zone - 6.6 km2

94
Q

A fault that is the tectonic boundary between Palawan-Mindoro microcontinental block and the western edge of PMB. Connects Negros Trench northwards to Mindoro-Panay Collision Zone

A

Tablas Lineament

95
Q

It is the oldest basement formation found in Palawan. What is the age?

A

Bacuit Formation (Permian)

96
Q

It is the basement formation of the Cagayan Valley.
a. Mansalay Formation
b. Halcon Metamorphic Complex
c. Talisay Schist
d. Abuan Formation

A

a. Mansalay Formation (Southwest Mindoro)
b. Halcon Metamorphic Complex (Northeast Mindoro)
c. Talisay Schist (Ticao Island)
d. Abuan Formation (Cagayan Valley)

97
Q

It is the basement formation of Northern Cordillera.
a. Suyo Schist
b. Pugo Formation
c. Lepanto Metavolcanics
d. Agno Batholith

A

a. Suyo Schist (Northern Cordillera)
b. Pugo Formation (Southern Cordillera Range)
c. Lepanto Metavolcanics (Central Cordillera Range)
d. Agno Batholith (Central Cordillera Diorite Complex)

98
Q

It is the basement rock of Southern Sierra Madre (mainland)
a. Isabela Ophiolite
b. Buhang Ophiolitic Complex
c. Montalban Ophiolitic Complex
d. Gumaca Schist

A

a. Isabela Ophiolite (Northern Sierra Madre)
b. Buhang Ophiolitic Complex (Southern Sierra Madre - Caraballo)
c. Montalban Ophiolitic Complex (Southern Sierra Madre - Mainland)
d. Gumaca Schist (Bondoc Peninsula)

99
Q

The holocene rock formation in Luzon
a. Malaya Formation
b. Awiden Mesa Formation
c. Banahaw Volcanic Complex
d. Manila Formation

A

Manila Formation

100
Q

The Bohol Earthquake in 2013 was primarily associated with which type of fault?

A

Reverse fault with minor strike slip

Board Exam (17 decks)

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