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Board Exam > Geochemistry > Flashcards

Geochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Comprises the minimum number of chemicals, both atomic and molecular, species required to specify completely the compositions of all the phases present.

A

Component

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2
Q

An invariant point point in the phase diagram where the maximum number of allowable phases intersect and are in equilibrium. It could also be a point where Solidus and liquidus intersect.

A

Eutectic point

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3
Q

State of equilibrium with 0 degrees of freedom.

A

Invariant Equilibrium

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4
Q

An invariant point in a phase diagram where two faces that could never co-exist together react with each other to produce a new phase.

A

Peritectic Point

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5
Q

Enumerate the Light Rare Earth Elements

A

Mnemonics: Loyal Champions Protect Noble Princes, Seeking Emeralds

Lanthanum, Cerium, Praseodymium, NEODYMIUM, Promethium, Samarium, EUROPIUM

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6
Q

Enumerate the Heavy Rare Earth Elements

A

Mnemonics - Young Giants Tame Dragons, Holding Every Treasure You Love

YTTRIUM, Gadolinium, TERBIUM, DYSPROSIUM, Holmium, Erbium, Thulium, Ytterbium, Lutetium

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7
Q

Describe Sb/Sr magma signature.

A

Geochem signature of magma assimilation process. If melt has high Rb (incompatible element for melts) it will produce more Sr.

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8
Q

Describe Sm/Nd magma signature.

A

Geochem signature of magma assimilation process. Sm is more compatible with the melt during partial melting compared to Nd

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9
Q

Describe the Mg# and Fo# magma signature.

A

relationship of olivine and coexisting basaltic melt by studying Mg and Fe Content.

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10
Q

Describe Cr# magma signature.

A

The geochem signature of mantle derived magma. Fertile unaltered mantle originates as Lherzolite. Lherzolite evolves into tholeiitic basalt, leaving Dunite and Harzburgite as refractory residuum enriched with Cr.

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11
Q

Describe the trend of TiO2, FeO, MgO, CaO, P2O5, K2O, Na2O, and Al2O3 with increasing silica.

A

a. Decrease in TiO2, FeO, MgO, CaO, P2O5
b. Increase in K2O, Na2O
c. No strong variation in Al2O3

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12
Q

Determines the elements present in a material by measuring the secondary x-ray emitted by a sample when it is agitated by a primary x-ray source.

A

X-Ray Fluorescence
• Fluorescent (Secondary x-ray)

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13
Q

Quantifying present compounds in minerals, rocks, soils and particulates by detecting signature x-ray diffraction pattern.

A

X-Ray Diffraction

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14
Q

Quantitative determination of elements present in a material by using their absorption of optical radiation (light) by free atoms in the gaseous state.

A

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

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15
Q

Determining elements present in a material by quantifying the number of ions at a certain mass of the element.

A

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)

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16
Q

Analytical technique that determines elemental mercury content.

A

Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA-80)

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17
Q

Analytical technique that provides detailed information on chemical structure, phase and polymorphy, crystallinity and molecular interactions of a sample based on how light interacts with the chemical bonds.

A

Raman Spectroscopy

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18
Q

Enumerate the Platinum Group Elements

A

Platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os) and iridium (Ir)

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19
Q

Siderophiles that are mostly used to study melting and crystallization in mafic-ultramafic systems where these said elements are typically hosted by sulfides
a. REE
b. Sc
c. PGEs
d. Sr

A

Platinum Group Elements

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20
Q

Indicates pyroxene fractionalization as it is concentrated in pyroxenes.
a. REE
b. Sc
c. PGEs
d. Sr

A

Scandium

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21
Q

A compatible element/elements in low P and may substitute for Ca in plagioclases and K in K-felds.
a. REE
b. Sc
c. PGEs
d. Sr

A

Strontium

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22
Q

Indicates source characteristics and liquid evolution.
a. REE
b. Sc
c. PGEs
d. Sr

A

REEs

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23
Q

Commonly incompatible and strongly partitioned into garnet and amphiboles.
a. Y
b. Ni, Co, Cr
c. Zr, Hf
d. Nb, Ta

A

Yttrium

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24
Q

High compatibility where high concentrations show an indication of a mantle source, limited fractionation, or crystal accumulation.
a. Y
b. Ni, Co, Cr
c. Zr, Hf
d. Nb, Ta

A

Nickel, Cobalt, Chromium

25
Q

High incompatibility where high concentrations implies an enriched source or extensive liquid evolution.
a. Y
b. Ni, Co, Cr
c. Zr, Hf
d. Nb, Ta

A

Zirconium and Hafnium

26
Q

HFSE elements where low concentrations is an indication of subduction related melts environment and is commonly associated with Ti-rich phases such as Titanite and Ti-amphibole.
a. Y
b. Ni, Co, Cr
c. Zr, Hf
d. Nb, Ta

A

Niobium and Tantalum

27
Q

The hottest Geothermal Resource type

A

Hot Rock

28
Q

What type of Geothermal Enthalpy is the Philippines classified? What is the temperature range?

A

High Enthalpy (>150°C)

29
Q

A nonthermal manifestation of hydrothermal/geothermal systems.

A

Kaipohan or “Cold springs”

30
Q

Minerals that appear at temperatures greater than 200°C in Geothermal environments.

A

Epidote and Illite

31
Q

Mineral geothermometer that appears at low temp and alkaline environments. What is its counterpart? (High T, acidic environment)

A

Calcite and Silica respectively

32
Q

Mineral geothermometer that appears at low temperature and acidic environments where steam mixes with meteoric water due to throttling.

A

Kaolinite

33
Q

The Father of Philippine Geothermal Development.

A

Arturo Alcaraz

34
Q

What is the formula of the ratio of parent and daughter in a certain number of half-lives n?

A

1:(2^n)-1

1 HL = 1:1
2 HL = 1:3
3 HL = 1:7

35
Q

What is the wavelength of Visible Light

A

750 nm - 400 nm

36
Q

Wavelength Range of Infrared

A

25 μm - 2.5 μm

37
Q

Wavelength Range of Gamma Rays

A

< 10^-12 m

38
Q

Wavelength Range of X-ray

A

1 nm - 1 pm

39
Q

Wavelength of Microwave

A

1 mm - 25 μm

40
Q

Wavelength of radiowave

A

> 1 mm

41
Q

It is named as the “shortest” and the “longest” days of the year

A

Winter Solstice - Shortest
Summer Solstice - Longest

42
Q

The apparent twinkling of a star due to its light passing through regions of differing air densities in the atmosphere.

A

Scintillation

43
Q

Stony meteorites composed primarily of silicate minerals.

A

Aerolite

44
Q

A type of meteorite that contains both metal and silicate minerals also called stony-iron meteorites

A

Siderolite

45
Q

For dating of rocks potassium-40 decays to argon-40 with a half-life of how many billions of years?

A

1.3

46
Q

Rubidium- strontium method is used for which measurement in geology?
a. rock erosion
b. geologic time
c. deposition of sediments
d. lava flows

A

Geologic time

47
Q

What is a key assumption required for Potassium-Argon (K-Ar) dating?
a. The rock must contain no carbon
b. No radiogenic argon was present when the rock formed
c. The rock must be older than 1 million years
d. The rock must have a high concentration of lead

A

No radiogenic argon was present when the rock formed

48
Q

Which of the following dating methods is limited to materials less than 50,000 years old?
a. Uranium-Lead (U-Pb) Dating
b. Potassium-Argon (K-Ar) Dating
c. Radiocarbon (C-14) Dating
d. Luminescence Dating

A

Radiocarbon (C-14) Dating

49
Q

What is a potential drawback of using Uranium-Lead (U-Pb) dating?
a. It requires the assumption of a closed system
b. It cannot be used on sedimentary rocks
c. It is only applicable to igneous rocks
d. It provides age estimates that are too young

A

It requires the assumption of a closed system

50
Q

What assumption is critical for Luminescence Dating to be accurate?
a. The carbon-14 ratio has remained constant
b. The mineral grains were completely bleached prior to burial
c. The rock contains no argon
d. The uranium content is uniform throughout

A

The mineral grains were completely bleached prior to burial

51
Q

Which dating method is noted for being sensitive to alteration and weathering?
a. Potassium-Argon (K-Ar) Dating
b. Luminescence Dating
c. Rubidium-Strontium (Rb-Sr) Dating
d. Radiocarbon (C-14) Dating

A

A, B, and C

52
Q

Fission-track method is used for what purpose

A

dating of minerals

53
Q

For what are isotopes of an element used in geology?
a. in analysis of minerals
b. in radioactive dating
c. in stratigraphic analysis
d. in classification of minerals

A

in radioactive dating

54
Q

Varve analysis is done to calculate what?
a. age of glacial deposits
b. age of fossils
c. rate of deposition of sediments
d. number of lava flows

A

age of glacial deposits

55
Q

Which mineral is known for containing significant amounts of Palladium?
a. Ilmenite
b. Chromite
c. Pentlandite
d. Sphalerite

A

Pentlandite

56
Q

The Gibbs’ Phase Rule can be written as:

A

P=C+2-F

57
Q

Explain why oxygen isotopes are important concerning Earth history.

A

O-18 is dense, making it more enriched in oceans while O-16 is lighter and is evaporated to be more enriched in higher elevations.

58
Q

How can Oxygen Isotopes help determine glacial events?

A

Glaciers store huge volumes of O-16 enriched waters leaving oceans to reach maximum O-18 enrichment.

Board Exam (20 decks)

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