Coal and Petroleum Geology Flashcards
This maceral is derived from the remains of plant cell walls and tissues. It is brown-black and has a dull luster.
Vitrinite (Petroleum: Type 3 Kerogen, gas-prone)
This maceral is derived from algaes, spores, pollen, leaf cuticles, phytoplanktons, and bacterial microorganisms. It is yellow or brown and has a waxy luster.
Liptinite (Petroleum: Pure algal. Type 1 Kerogen, oil-prone) or Exinite (Petroleum: Pure planktonic. Type 2 Kerogen, oil- and gas-prone)
This maceral is derived from fungi and charcoal from fires. Black in color and has a dull luster.
Inertinite (Petroleum: Type 4 Kerogen, no petroleum yield)
The unburnable part of coal. Commercial coals typically consists of 3% to 9% of it.
Ash
This element causes ash to precipitate reducing efficiency and raising costs when burning coal.
Sodium
This element contributes to acid rain when not scrubbed out as you burn coal. Coals range to 0.5-8% of it.
Sulfur
Element that causes slagging in boilers and brittleness in steel in burning coal.
Phosphorus
Crude oil that contains little amounts of sulfur.
Sweet Crude Oil
An undesired by-product in petroleum that generates sulfur oxides when burned.
Sulfur
The solid form of petroleum
Tar and Bitumen
The gaseous form of petroleum
Natural Gas
Burning of excess natural gas to prevent any sudden explosions due to sudden increase in pressure.
Flaring
Bright, black, shiny and brittle branded coal lithotype, usually with cracks or fissures. Tends to break into small cubes. Composed of wood tissue.
Answer: Vitrain
Clarain - Semi-bright black, and finely interlayered bands (mm-scale) of other coal lithotypes.
Durain - Dull, black to gray-black banded coal lithotype which have rough surfaces. Bands have less cracks (fissures). Tends to break into lumps. Formed from spores and detrital plant materials.
Fusain - Black to gray banded coal lithotype with silky lustre (shine). Sometimes fibrous. Soft and friable, sometimes like charcoal.
Cannel - Black to dark gray, non-banded coal lithotype with dull to greasy lustre (shine). Often breaks with conchoidal (glass-like) fracture.
Semi-bright black, and finely interlayered bands (mm-scale) of other coal lithotypes.
Answer: Clarain
Vitrain - Bright, black, shiny and brittle branded coal lithotype, usually with cracks or fissures. Tends to break into small cubes. Composed of wood tissue.
Durain - Dull, black to gray-black banded coal lithotype which have rough surfaces. Bands have less cracks (fissures). Tends to break into lumps. Formed from spores and detrital plant materials.
Fusain - Black to gray banded coal lithotype with silky lustre (shine). Sometimes fibrous. Soft and friable, sometimes like charcoal.
Cannel - Black to dark gray, non-banded coal lithotype with dull to greasy lustre (shine). Often breaks with conchoidal (glass-like) fracture.
Dull, black to gray-black banded coal lithotype which have rough surfaces. Bands have less cracks (fissures). Tends to break into lumps. Formed from spores and detrital plant materials.
Answer: Durain
Vitrain - Bright, black, shiny and brittle branded coal lithotype, usually with cracks or fissures. Tends to break into small cubes. Composed of wood tissue.
Clarain - Semi-bright black, and finely interlayered bands (mm-scale) of other coal lithotypes.
Fusain - Black to gray banded coal lithotype with silky lustre (shine). Sometimes fibrous. Soft and friable, sometimes like charcoal.
Cannel - Black to dark gray, non-banded coal lithotype with dull to greasy lustre (shine). Often breaks with conchoidal (glass-like) fracture.
Black to gray banded coal lithotype with silky lustre (shine). Sometimes fibrous. Soft and friable, sometimes like charcoal.
Answer: Fusain
Vitrain - Bright, black, shiny and brittle branded coal lithotype, usually with cracks or fissures. Tends to break into small cubes. Composed of wood tissue.
Clarain - Semi-bright black, and finely interlayered bands (mm-scale) of other coal lithotypes.
Durain - Dull, black to gray-black banded coal lithotype which have rough surfaces. Bands have less cracks (fissures). Tends to break into lumps. Formed from spores and detrital plant materials.
Cannel - Black to dark gray, non-banded coal lithotype with dull to greasy lustre (shine). Often breaks with conchoidal (glass-like) fracture.
Black to dark gray, non-banded coal lithotype with dull to greasy lustre (shine). Often breaks with conchoidal (glass-like) fracture.
Answer: Cannel
Vitrain - Bright, black, shiny and brittle branded coal lithotype, usually with cracks or fissures. Tends to break into small cubes. Composed of wood tissue.
Clarain - Semi-bright black, and finely interlayered bands (mm-scale) of other coal lithotypes.
Durain - Dull, black to gray-black banded coal lithotype which have rough surfaces. Bands have less cracks (fissures). Tends to break into lumps. Formed from spores and detrital plant materials.
Fusain - Black to gray banded coal lithotype with silky lustre (shine). Sometimes fibrous. Soft and friable, sometimes like charcoal.
A sedimentary rock that contains >5% organic matter.
Black Shale
What are the two phyto- and zooplanktons?
Phytoplanktoms: Diatom (Silica) and Coccolithophores (Calcite)
Zooplanktons: Radiolaria (Silica) and Foraminifera (Calcite)
Polymer biomolecule consists of numerous aromatic rings and is a major component in land plants that can be converted to coal through deoxygenation.
Lignin
This type of coal has 60-70% carbon content and 30% moisture content. It disintegrates when exposed to air.
Lignite
Type of coal that has 71-80% Carbon and 3-5% moisture content. It disintegrates when exposed to air.
Sub-bituminous
Type of coal that has 80-90% Carbon and 1-3% moisture content. It feels like a proper rock and denser than lower grade coals.
Bituminous
Type of coal that has 91-95% Carbon and 1-2% moisture content. It has a sub-metallic luster.
Anthracite
The maturation phase that occurs in low temperatures and pressures, near shallow subsurface, and reduces the oxygen in the organic matter.
Diagenesis
The maturation stage that occurs in deeper subsurface and temperatures and pressures. It is the subsurface process for crude oil and natural gas.
Catagenesis
The maturation stage closest to metamorphism completely expelling HC, methane, with C being left as H:C ratio declines.
Metagenesis
Saturated hydrocarbons which include methane, ethane, propane, and butane.
a. Paraffin
b. Naphthene
c. Aromatic
d. Asphaltene
Paraffin
Hydrocarbons that remain liquid at normal temperatures and pressures. Includes cyclopentane and cyclohexane.
a. Paraffin
b. Naphthene
c. Aromatic
d. Asphaltene
Naphthene
Unsaturated hydrocarbons commonly found in petroleum that is liquid at normal temperatures and pressures. Includes Benzene, toluene, and xylene.
a. Paraffin
b. Naphthene
c. Aromatic
d. Asphaltene
Aromatic
Dry gas is a natural gas that contains less than ______ gal/______ft3 of condensate that is largely methane.
0.1gal/1000ft3
Wet gas is a natural gas that contains more than ______ gal/______ft3 of condensate that is largely methane.
0.3gal/1000ft3
The petroleum form with the highest possible sulfur (2-8%) content.
Asphalt
The petroleum form with the highest possible hydrogen (1-25%) and nitrogen (1-15%) content.
Natural Gas
The petroleum form with the highest possible carbon content (82-87%)
Crude Oil
The refractive index for petroleum
a. 1.33
b. 1.5
c. 1.45
d. 2.42
a. 1.33 (Water)
b. 1.5 (Glass)
c. 1.45 (Crude Oil)
d. 2.42 (Diamond)
The lowest pore volume (tightest) type of grain packing.
a. cubic
b. tetragonal
c. rhombohedral
d. orthorhombic
Rhombohedral
Colloidal organic surfactants whose molecules process hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends.
Micelle
The most widely accepted petroleum migration theory. Explain.
In solution by diffusion. Migration by diffusion, in liquid or gaseous solutions, occurs in the fluids in the source rock and the surrounding rock due to concentration differences.
Completely permeable pore that permits flushing of natural or artificial fluids.
Catenary pore
Pores unaffected by flushing but is permeable enough to yield petroleum.
Cul-de-sac pore
Impermeable pores that are unable to yield petroleum
Closed Pore
It is the best petroleum seal quality.
Salt
It is the worst petroleum seal quality.
Basalt
The highest percentage of seal rock in the world’s petroleum occurrences.
Shale (65%)
What is STOOIP?
Stock Tank Oil Original in Place - The total amount of oil present before production
Type of drill rig that operates offshore at water depths of about 500 ft.
Jack-up Rig
Drill type that is a floating rig with three or more floodable caisson legs that are stabilized by anchors, best at depths up to 10,000 ft.
Semi-submersible
First petroleum exploratory drilling in _________ in _________ was in 1896
Toledo-1 in Cebu
Chemical Formula for Coal
C135H96O9NS
________ Island contains more than 40% of the Philippines’ total coal reserves.
Semirara Island
________ Island contains more than 40% of the Philippines’ total coal reserves.
Semirara Island
Temperature range of Barrovian facies series
a. <10C
b. 10-20C
c. 20-40C
d. 40-80C
a. <10C (Franciscan)
b. 10-20C (Sangbagawa)
c. 20-40C (Barrovian)
d. 40-80C (Buchan)
This coal lithotype has a dull black to gray-black appearance with a fibrous texture and is also not vitreous.
Answer: Fusain
Clarain: This is a type of coal lithotype that is semi-bright and typically has a mixed appearance, but it does not exhibit the same level of brilliance or vitreous texture as vitrain.
Durain: This lithotype is characterized by a dull, black to gray appearance and a rough texture, making it the opposite of vitreous.
Vitrain: described as brilliant-looking black with a vitreous texture
