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Board Exam > Coal and Petroleum Geology > Flashcards

Coal and Petroleum Geology Flashcards

1
Q

This maceral is derived from the remains of plant cell walls and tissues. It is brown-black and has a dull luster.

A

Vitrinite (Petroleum: Type 3 Kerogen, gas-prone)

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2
Q

This maceral is derived from algaes, spores, pollen, leaf cuticles, phytoplanktons, and bacterial microorganisms. It is yellow or brown and has a waxy luster.

A

Liptinite (Petroleum: Pure algal. Type 1 Kerogen, oil-prone) or Exinite (Petroleum: Pure planktonic. Type 2 Kerogen, oil- and gas-prone)

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3
Q

This maceral is derived from fungi and charcoal from fires. Black in color and has a dull luster.

A

Inertinite (Petroleum: Type 4 Kerogen, no petroleum yield)

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4
Q

The unburnable part of coal. Commercial coals typically consists of 3% to 9% of it.

A

Ash

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5
Q

This element causes ash to precipitate reducing efficiency and raising costs when burning coal.

A

Sodium

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6
Q

This element contributes to acid rain when not scrubbed out as you burn coal. Coals range to 0.5-8% of it.

A

Sulfur

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7
Q

Element that causes slagging in boilers and brittleness in steel in burning coal.

A

Phosphorus

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8
Q

Crude oil that contains little amounts of sulfur.

A

Sweet Crude Oil

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9
Q

An undesired by-product in petroleum that generates sulfur oxides when burned.

A

Sulfur

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10
Q

The solid form of petroleum

A

Tar and Bitumen

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11
Q

The gaseous form of petroleum

A

Natural Gas

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12
Q

Burning of excess natural gas to prevent any sudden explosions due to sudden increase in pressure.

A

Flaring

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13
Q

Bright, black, shiny and brittle branded coal lithotype, usually with cracks or fissures. Tends to break into small cubes. Composed of wood tissue.

A

Answer: Vitrain

Clarain - Semi-bright black, and finely interlayered bands (mm-scale) of other coal lithotypes.
Durain - Dull, black to gray-black banded coal lithotype which have rough surfaces. Bands have less cracks (fissures). Tends to break into lumps. Formed from spores and detrital plant materials.
Fusain - Black to gray banded coal lithotype with silky lustre (shine). Sometimes fibrous. Soft and friable, sometimes like charcoal.
Cannel - Black to dark gray, non-banded coal lithotype with dull to greasy lustre (shine). Often breaks with conchoidal (glass-like) fracture.

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14
Q

Semi-bright black, and finely interlayered bands (mm-scale) of other coal lithotypes.

A

Answer: Clarain

Vitrain - Bright, black, shiny and brittle branded coal lithotype, usually with cracks or fissures. Tends to break into small cubes. Composed of wood tissue.
Durain - Dull, black to gray-black banded coal lithotype which have rough surfaces. Bands have less cracks (fissures). Tends to break into lumps. Formed from spores and detrital plant materials.
Fusain - Black to gray banded coal lithotype with silky lustre (shine). Sometimes fibrous. Soft and friable, sometimes like charcoal.
Cannel - Black to dark gray, non-banded coal lithotype with dull to greasy lustre (shine). Often breaks with conchoidal (glass-like) fracture.

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15
Q

Dull, black to gray-black banded coal lithotype which have rough surfaces. Bands have less cracks (fissures). Tends to break into lumps. Formed from spores and detrital plant materials.

A

Answer: Durain

Vitrain - Bright, black, shiny and brittle branded coal lithotype, usually with cracks or fissures. Tends to break into small cubes. Composed of wood tissue.
Clarain - Semi-bright black, and finely interlayered bands (mm-scale) of other coal lithotypes.
Fusain - Black to gray banded coal lithotype with silky lustre (shine). Sometimes fibrous. Soft and friable, sometimes like charcoal.
Cannel - Black to dark gray, non-banded coal lithotype with dull to greasy lustre (shine). Often breaks with conchoidal (glass-like) fracture.

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16
Q

Black to gray banded coal lithotype with silky lustre (shine). Sometimes fibrous. Soft and friable, sometimes like charcoal.

A

Answer: Fusain

Vitrain - Bright, black, shiny and brittle branded coal lithotype, usually with cracks or fissures. Tends to break into small cubes. Composed of wood tissue.
Clarain - Semi-bright black, and finely interlayered bands (mm-scale) of other coal lithotypes.
Durain - Dull, black to gray-black banded coal lithotype which have rough surfaces. Bands have less cracks (fissures). Tends to break into lumps. Formed from spores and detrital plant materials.
Cannel - Black to dark gray, non-banded coal lithotype with dull to greasy lustre (shine). Often breaks with conchoidal (glass-like) fracture.

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17
Q

Black to dark gray, non-banded coal lithotype with dull to greasy lustre (shine). Often breaks with conchoidal (glass-like) fracture.

A

Answer: Cannel

Vitrain - Bright, black, shiny and brittle branded coal lithotype, usually with cracks or fissures. Tends to break into small cubes. Composed of wood tissue.
Clarain - Semi-bright black, and finely interlayered bands (mm-scale) of other coal lithotypes.
Durain - Dull, black to gray-black banded coal lithotype which have rough surfaces. Bands have less cracks (fissures). Tends to break into lumps. Formed from spores and detrital plant materials.
Fusain - Black to gray banded coal lithotype with silky lustre (shine). Sometimes fibrous. Soft and friable, sometimes like charcoal.

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18
Q

A sedimentary rock that contains >5% organic matter.

A

Black Shale

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19
Q

What are the two phyto- and zooplanktons?

A

Phytoplanktoms: Diatom (Silica) and Coccolithophores (Calcite)
Zooplanktons: Radiolaria (Silica) and Foraminifera (Calcite)

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20
Q

Polymer biomolecule consists of numerous aromatic rings and is a major component in land plants that can be converted to coal through deoxygenation.

A

Lignin

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21
Q

This type of coal has 60-70% carbon content and 30% moisture content. It disintegrates when exposed to air.

A

Lignite

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22
Q

Type of coal that has 71-80% Carbon and 3-5% moisture content. It disintegrates when exposed to air.

A

Sub-bituminous

23
Q

Type of coal that has 80-90% Carbon and 1-3% moisture content. It feels like a proper rock and denser than lower grade coals.

A

Bituminous

24
Q

Type of coal that has 91-95% Carbon and 1-2% moisture content. It has a sub-metallic luster.

A

Anthracite

25
Q

The maturation phase that occurs in low temperatures and pressures, near shallow subsurface, and reduces the oxygen in the organic matter.

A

Diagenesis

26
Q

The maturation stage that occurs in deeper subsurface and temperatures and pressures. It is the subsurface process for crude oil and natural gas.

A

Catagenesis

27
Q

The maturation stage closest to metamorphism completely expelling HC, methane, with C being left as H:C ratio declines.

A

Metagenesis

28
Q

Saturated hydrocarbons which include methane, ethane, propane, and butane.
a. Paraffin
b. Naphthene
c. Aromatic
d. Asphaltene

A

Paraffin

29
Q

Hydrocarbons that remain liquid at normal temperatures and pressures. Includes cyclopentane and cyclohexane.
a. Paraffin
b. Naphthene
c. Aromatic
d. Asphaltene

A

Naphthene

30
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbons commonly found in petroleum that is liquid at normal temperatures and pressures. Includes Benzene, toluene, and xylene.
a. Paraffin
b. Naphthene
c. Aromatic
d. Asphaltene

A

Aromatic

31
Q

Dry gas is a natural gas that contains less than ______ gal/______ft3 of condensate that is largely methane.

A

0.1gal/1000ft3

32
Q

Wet gas is a natural gas that contains more than ______ gal/______ft3 of condensate that is largely methane.

A

0.3gal/1000ft3

33
Q

The petroleum form with the highest possible sulfur (2-8%) content.

A

Asphalt

34
Q

The petroleum form with the highest possible hydrogen (1-25%) and nitrogen (1-15%) content.

A

Natural Gas

35
Q

The petroleum form with the highest possible carbon content (82-87%)

A

Crude Oil

36
Q

The refractive index for petroleum
a. 1.33
b. 1.5
c. 1.45
d. 2.42

A

a. 1.33 (Water)
b. 1.5 (Glass)
c. 1.45 (Crude Oil)
d. 2.42 (Diamond)

37
Q

The lowest pore volume (tightest) type of grain packing.
a. cubic
b. tetragonal
c. rhombohedral
d. orthorhombic

A

Rhombohedral

38
Q

Colloidal organic surfactants whose molecules process hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends.

A

Micelle

39
Q

The most widely accepted petroleum migration theory. Explain.

A

In solution by diffusion. Migration by diffusion, in liquid or gaseous solutions, occurs in the fluids in the source rock and the surrounding rock due to concentration differences.

40
Q

Completely permeable pore that permits flushing of natural or artificial fluids.

A

Catenary pore

41
Q

Pores unaffected by flushing but is permeable enough to yield petroleum.

A

Cul-de-sac pore

42
Q

Impermeable pores that are unable to yield petroleum

A

Closed Pore

43
Q

It is the best petroleum seal quality.

A

Salt

44
Q

It is the worst petroleum seal quality.

A

Basalt

45
Q

The highest percentage of seal rock in the world’s petroleum occurrences.

A

Shale (65%)

46
Q

What is STOOIP?

A

Stock Tank Oil Original in Place - The total amount of oil present before production

47
Q

Type of drill rig that operates offshore at water depths of about 500 ft.

A

Jack-up Rig

48
Q

Drill type that is a floating rig with three or more floodable caisson legs that are stabilized by anchors, best at depths up to 10,000 ft.

A

Semi-submersible

49
Q

First petroleum exploratory drilling in _________ in _________ was in 1896

A

Toledo-1 in Cebu

50
Q

Chemical Formula for Coal

A

C135H96O9NS

51
Q

________ Island contains more than 40% of the Philippines’ total coal reserves.

A

Semirara Island

52
Q

________ Island contains more than 40% of the Philippines’ total coal reserves.

A

Semirara Island

53
Q

Temperature range of Barrovian facies series
a. <10C
b. 10-20C
c. 20-40C
d. 40-80C

A

a. <10C (Franciscan)
b. 10-20C (Sangbagawa)
c. 20-40C (Barrovian)
d. 40-80C (Buchan)

54
Q

This coal lithotype has a dull black to gray-black appearance with a fibrous texture and is also not vitreous.

A

Answer: Fusain

Clarain: This is a type of coal lithotype that is semi-bright and typically has a mixed appearance, but it does not exhibit the same level of brilliance or vitreous texture as vitrain.
Durain: This lithotype is characterized by a dull, black to gray appearance and a rough texture, making it the opposite of vitreous.
Vitrain: described as brilliant-looking black with a vitreous texture

Board Exam (22 decks)

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