General Geology Flashcards
1
Q
Along with Robert Wilson, first observed the cosmic wave background radiation.
a. Abraham Gottlob Werner
b. Alfred Harker
c. Arturo P. Alcaraz
d. Arno Allan Penzias
A
a. Abraham Gottlob Werner (Neptunism)
b. Alfred Harker (Harker Diagrams)
c. Arturo P. Alcaraz (Father of Geothermal Energy Development in PH)
d. Arno Allan Penzias (Cosmic Wave Background Radiation)
2
Q
What is the Barrovian sequence?
A
chlorite - biotite - garnet - staurolite - kyanite - sillimanite
3
Q
Noted and published the theory of Nebular Hypothesis.
a. Georges Lemaitre
b. Immanuel Kant
c. William Whewell
d. Jan Oort
A
a. Georges Lemaitre (Big Bang)
b. Immanuel Kant (Nebular Hypothesis)
c. William Whewell (coined Uniformitarianism and Catastrophism)
d. Jan Oort (Oort Cloud)
4
Q
He popularized Catastrophism
a.) Charles Lyell
b.) James Hutton
c.) Baron Georges Cuvier
d.) Baron Berzelius
A
a.) Charles Lyell (Popularized Uniformitarianism)
b.) James Hutton (Principles of Uniformitarianism)
c.) Baron Georges Cuvier (Popularized Catastrophism)
d.) Baron Berzelius (Mineral Chemical Classification)
5
Q
Along with Nicolas Desmarest, made the first geologic maps
a. Shen Kuo
b. Waldemar Lindgren
c. Jean-Etienne Guettard
d. Theophrastus
A
Jean-Etienne Guettard
6
Q
The Father of Modern Stratigraphy and established Law of Faunal Succession.
a. Willebrord Snellius
b. Wiliam Nicol
c. William Henry Bragg
d. William Smith
A
a. Willebrord Snellius (Snell’s Law)
b. Wiliam Nicol (Polarizing Microscope)
c. William Henry Bragg (Crystal structure)
d. William Smith (Father of Modern Stratigraphy)
7
Q
The Oceans composition in the Hydrosphere.
A
97.2%
8
Q
What is the percentage of Glaciers and Groundwater in the Hydrosphere?
A
2.15% and 0.62% respectively
9
Q
First 4 most abundant elements/componuds in the atmosphere.
A
78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% Argon, 0.04% CO2
10
Q
A division of the Earth’s atmosphere, that extends from the mean sea level to about 100 km above sea level, where the mix of gases is roughly constant.
A
Homosphere
11
Q
A division of the Earth’s atmosphere where the mixture of gases radically changes with altitude.
A
Heterosphere
12
Q
Contains roughly about 80% of the mass of the Earth’s atmosphere and where most weather and climate phenomena are confined.
A
Troposphere
13
Q
This layer extends up to 50 km above sea level and contains the Ozone Layer
A
Stratosphere
14
Q
Deadliest of the three UV rays but mostly absorbed by the Earth’s atmosphere.
A
UV-C
15
Q
UV ray that is dangerous between 10:00 am to 04:00 pm, with its rays able to cause skin cancer.
A
UV-B
16
Q
UV ray that penetrates glass and deep into the skin causing aging and skin damage
A
UV-A
17
Q
A layer of the atmosphere that extends up to 85 km above sea level, with the temperature dropping with increasing altitude having an average temperature of -85°C. Noctilucent clouds can be found here.
A
Mesosphere
18
Q
a layer in the atmosphere that extends up to 600 km above sea level, and is completely cloudless and water vapor-free. Auroras and the International Space Station (350 - 420 kmasl) are found here.
A
Thermosphere
19
Q
The proposed boundary between the atmosphere and outer space.
A
Karman Line
20
Q
Area of Major, Minor and Micro plates
A
Major: > 20M km2
Minor: 1-20M km2
Micro: < 1M km2
21
Q
Normal Distribution has equal Mean, Median, and Mode. How is it different from positively and negatively skewed distribution?
A
• Positively Skewed (Skewed to the left): Mean > Median > Mode
• Negatively Skewed (Skewed to the right): Mean < Median < Mode
22
Q
Rank the area of major lithospheric plates
A
Pacific, North American, Eurasian, African, Antartic, Indo-Australian, and South American Plate
23
Q
The second satellite of NASA that was launched on November 18, 1989 to study Cosmic Background Microwave Radiation.
a. COBE
b. Planck
c. WMAP
d. TESS
A
a. Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) - 1st
b. Planck - 3rd
c. Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) - 2nd
d. Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) - Exoplanet-hunting satellite
24
Q
What type of galaxy is the Milkyway and Andromeda?
A
Barred Spiral Galaxy and Spiral Galaxy respectively.
25
The supercluster at which Milkyway is found.
Laniakea Supercluster
26
Star sequence phase where it begins when materials stop falling into the Protostar and release tremendous amounts of energy. The mean temperature isn’t enough to support nuclear fusion at its core.
T-Tauri phase
27
The phenomenon where objects are stretched out due to its proximity to a black hole.
Spaghettification
28
The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milkyway.
Sagittarius A
29
A predicted point in the very center of the black hole, theorized to have infinite density.
Singularity
30
The boundary of no return in a black hole
Event Horizon
31
A type of neutron star that has a magnetic field about quadrillion times compared to Earth. Can cause outbursts of x-rays called x-ray flashes.
Magnetar
32
A type of neutron star that emits beams of radiation due to a misalignment of the neutron star's rotation and magnetic axes.
Pulsars
33
It is a lunar mission where Neil Armstrong partook and landed on the moon in the Sea of Tranquility.
Apollo 11
34
Where is the barycenter between the Earth and the Sun?
a. Midpoint between the two
b. Near the moon's orbit
c. Near Mercury's orbit
d. Near the Sun's core
Near the Sun's core as it has significantly more mass.
35
Moon formation theory that states that when Theia collided with the molten Earth, it completely vaporized the proto-planet, creating a __________, a rotating donut-shaped collection of vaporized rock. The rotating mass homogenized its composition, then which the Earth and Moon accreted separately.
Synestia Model
36
A moon formation theory that states that collisions with the Earth is not a one-time event but of successive impacts of projectiles creating moonlets that coalesced to form the present moon.
Moonlets model
37
Where is the Asteroid and Kuiper Belt located?
Asteroid Belt - Between Mars and Jupiter
Kuiper Belt - Beyond Neptune
38
The largest object in the Kuiper belt.
Pluto dwarf planet
39
The largest object in the Asteroid belt
Ceres dwarf planet
40
The Solar System is found in the __________ arm of the Milky Way
Orion Spur
41
Density of the moon
3.34 g/cc
42
Percent H and He composition of the Sun
H - 70%
He - 28%
43
Density of Mars
3.9 g/cc
44
Largest Volcano in the Solar System, where is it found?
Olympus Mons - Mars
45
Largest observed impact crater in the Solar System. Where?
Hellas Planitia - Mars
46
Large canyon system in the solar system and stretches more than 4,800 km long. Where?
Valles Marineris - Mars
47
Largest and most powerful hurricane in the Solar System. Where is it found?
Great Red Spot - Jupiter
48
The 4th largest object in the Kuiper Belt
Haumea dwarf planet first observed in Palomar Observatory
49
Is the change from high to low tide
Ebb Tide
50
Two points on the surface of a celestial body that are diametrically opposed to each other.
Antipodes
51
Brightness of an object in space or an expression of the ability of surfaces to reflect light (locally: sunlight)
Albedo
52
Iron meteorites have a distinctive crystalline structure/texture known as the:
Widmanstatten texture
53
Meteorites that contain big, beautiful olive-green crystals embedded entirely in metal.
Pallasites
54
Brecciated meteorites with fragments composed of igneous rocks and metal clasts. Formed when debrisfrom a collision between two asteroids is mixed together.
Mesosiderites
55
Igneous meteorites that are once melted into magma and creates concentric layers upon crystallization, a process known as igneous differentiation.
Achondrites
56
An achondrite meteorite that came from a differentiated parent body and experienced extensive igneous processing not much different from magmatic rocks found on Earth. They closely resemble terrestrial igneous rocks.
Howardite-Eucrite-Diogenite (HED) meteorites
57
A shadow is caused by an object passing in front of the light. The dark part of the shadow is the ________, and the part of a shadow that's a little lighter is the ________
umbra; penumbra
58
also called as Southern Lights
Aurora Australis - Antarctic Circle
59
is a tiny satellite that orbits around an asteroid
Dactyl
60
A phenomenon where Day and Night time are almost equal which happens when the Sun is directly above the equator. Happens twice a year
Equinox
61
a faint glow of diffuse light in the sky scattered by interplanetary dust, along the ecliptic.
False Dawn (Zodiac Light)
62
small rounded pieces of silicate glass, thought to have become airborne during terrestrial impact events
Tektites
63
A phenomenon where three or more celestial bodies align in a roughly straight line.
syzygy
64
Radioactive dating method suitable for organic materials less than 50,000 years old.
Carbon-14
65
This radioactive dating method utilizes the abundance of a certain element locked up in feldspars, clays, and amphiboles. This element however, is very mobile during metamorphism and alteration. useful for Mesozoic to Cenozoic unaltered igneous rocks.
Potassium-Argon Dating
66
This radioactive dating method is similar to Potassium-Argon except that it solved the mobility problem of Potassium during alteration events. It can date very old to very young rocks.
39Ar - 40Ar Dating
67
Radioactive dating technique used on ferromagnesian minerals such as micas and amphiboles or on limestones. However, concerned radioactive elements easily follow fluids that move through rocks or escape during some types of metamorphism. It has the highest currently accepted half-life of 47 BY.
Rb-Sr Dating
68
Radioactive dating method that is highly favoured for accurate dating of igneous and metamorphic rocks, through many different techniques. The great advantage is that almost all igneous and metamorphic rocks contain sufficient concerned radioactive elements for this dating. It can date ages up to the birth of the Earth.
U-Pb Dating
69
The latest age in the Geologic Time Scale
Meghalayan
70
a sequence of metamorphosed mafic to ultramafic volcanic and associated sedimentary rocks located on the eastern shore of Hudson Bay, 40 km southeast of Inukjuak, Quebec. These rocks have undergone extensive metamorphism, and represent some of the oldest surface rocks on Earth
Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt
71
BIF type that is the oldest (from the Archaean) and appears to be linked with volcanic arcs. They are majorly found in old greenstone belts. Iron-rich minerals are customarily magnetite.
Algoma-type
72
BIF type that is formed during the Paleoproterozoic. They formed on firm continental shelves. Accumulations are in vast dimensions (greater than 100 meters in thickness and over 100 km in lateral extent). A crucial iron-bearing phase is hematite, but magnetite also occurs.
Superior-type
73
This type of BIF is the least significant with respect to the volume of ore mined. Their genesis appears to be linked with glaciations, global ice age (Snowball Earth) and related environmental changes. Iron-bearing mineral in this type accumulations is hematite.
Rapitan-type
74
This supercontinent is said to be formed by Kenoran-Algoman Orogeny
Kenorland
75
The first and second supercontinents.
1st: Vaalbara
2nd: Ur
76
The largest impact crater in the Earth. Formed during proterozoic era
Vredefort Crater in South Africa
77
The oldest and longest ice age. Stopped the deposition of algoma-type BIFs. What is the period range of such event?
Huronian Glaciation (Siderian-Rhyacian)
78
Supercontinent formed by Hudsonian orogeny
Columbia/Nuna/Hudsonland
79
It is the first known eukaryotic fossil found in Negaunee Iron Formation in Michigan
Grypania
80
It is a supercontinent formed by the Grenville Orogeny
Rodinia
81
It is the superocean that surrounds Rodinia, how about the superocean the surrounds Pangaea?
Rodinia - Mirovia
Pangaea - Panthalassa
82
Supercontinent formed by Pan-African Orogeny
Panotia/Vendian/Greater Gondwana
83
The ocean that formed after the fragmentation of Rodinia
Iapetus Ocean
84
Cited as possible ancestor for Trilobites
Spriggina
85
Enumerate the 5 extinction events
1. Ordovician-Silurian
2. Devonian
3. Permian
4. Triassic-Jurassic
5. Cretaceous-Tertiary
86
First Jawed Fishes
Silurian
87
The three orogenies that formed the Appalachian Mts.
1. Taconic
2. Caledonian
3. Acadian
88
First ammonites and first ampibians
Devonian
89
Age of Plants
Carboniferous
90
Age of Reptiles
Mesozoic
91
Formation of Pangaea
Permian
92
What lagerstatten are Archeopteryx found?
Solnhofen Limestone
93
Age of mammals
Cenozoic
94
What element is said to be the evidence of Chixulub impact?
Iridium
95
Age of Lucy
Pliocene
96
wind-driven currents related to global wind systems that have differences in air mass temperature and Coriolis force
Geostrophic Currents
97
A general term for a gap in the sedimentation record
Lacuna
98
Are strong cold air masses moving downhill.
Katabatic Winds (compare Anabatic)
99
The study of modern lakes
Limnology
100
a curve in the surface of a molecular substance (water, of course) when it touches another material
Meniscus
101
the summit or ridge of a mountain that protrudes from an ice field or glacier that otherwise covers most of the mountain or ridge.
Nunataks (Rognons is the smaller and rounded version)
102
Lake margin of marshy environment
Palustrine
103
___________ convinced experienced investors, expert auditors and even Bre-X management that a dry mine was worth over $6 billion.
Michael De Guzman
104
Which of the following is the largest temperate desert?
A) Gobi Desert
B) Patagonian Desert
C) Great Basin Desert
D) Kalahari Desert
Paragonian Desert
105
Largest cut diamond in the world also known as "The Star of Africa"
Cullinan Diamond
106
This project was an attempt in the early 1960s to drill through the Earth's crust to obtain samples of the Mohorovičić discontinuity.
Project Mohole
107
It is the birthstone of March:
a. Aquamarine
b. Diamond
c. Peridot
d. Ruby
a. Aquamarine (March)
b. Diamond (April)
c. Peridot (August)
d. Ruby (July)
108
It is the Birthstone of May:
a. Pearl
b. Amethyst
c. Garnet
d. Emerald
a. Pearl (June)
b. Amethyst (February)
c. Garnet (January)
d. Emerald (May)
109
It is the Birthstone of December:
a. Citrine
b. Tanzanite
c. Opal
d. Sapphire
a. Citrine (November)
b. Tanzanite (December)
c. Opal (October)
d. Sapphire (September)
110
The term “geology (geologia)” as a distinct branch of physical science was
used first by whom and in which year?
a. Rober Lowell, 1661
b. Erasmus Warren, 1690
c. Jean Andre de Luc, 1778
d. Horace Benedict de Saussure, 1779
Jean Andre de Luc, 1778
111
The earliest Greek philosopher to write a treatise on minerals and rocks
titled Concerning Stones was..
a. Aristotle
b. Pliny
c. Democritus
d. Theophrastus
Theophrastus
112
What is a barysphere?
a. land surface beneath the atmosphere
b. the Earth’s mantle
c. the Earth’s core
d. entire interior of the Earth beneath the lithosphere
the Earth’s core
113
The total land surface of the Earth is what percentage of the surface area
of the globe?
a. about 20
b. about 25
c. about 30
d. about 35
about 30
114
Wearing away of land by various natural agencies comes under the ambit
of?
a. corrosion
b. attrition
c. degradation
d. denudation
denudation
115
The oldest rocks are dated from about
a. 3.5 billion years
b. 4 billion years
c. 4.3 billion years
d. 4.6 billion years
4.3 billion years (Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt)
However, if considering the oldest INTACT rocks specifically, the best answer would be 4 billion years (Acasta Gneiss)
116
What is the percentage of non-sedimentary rocks on the Earth’s surface?
a. 10
b. 25
c. 50
d. 70
25
117
Which is most abundant economic element in the Earth’s crust?
a. iron
b. aluminium
c. manganese
d. nickel
aluminium
118
But for this geologic material the present-day Information Technology revolution would not have been possible. Name it.
a. selenium
b. radium
c. silicon
d. zircon
Silicon is a fundamental component of semiconductors and integrated circuits, which are essential for modern electronic devices, including computers and smartphones. Its properties make it ideal for use in various electronic applications, driving advancements in technology.
119
What is magma?
a. lava spewed out of volcanoes
b. granite melt
c. molten silicate fluid in the Earth’s crust
d. connate water trapped in sediments
molten silicate fluid in the Earth’s crust
120
The branch of science concerned with the shape and size of the Earth, its gravitational field and location of fixed points called?
Geodesy
121
What was the name of the project of drilling through the Earth’s crust?
Project Mohole
122
Displays lines of equal thickness in a layer where the thicknesses are measured vertically.
Isochore Map
123
The first proof of the preservation of oxygen in the rocks came from
which geological period?
Archaean
124
is the slow downslope movement of soil due to recurrent freezing and thawing of the ground
Solifluction
125
A phenoclast is to be found in which kind of rock?
a. igneous
b. metamorphic
c. sedimentary
d. none of these
igneous
126
Pyrogenic deposition is due to which geologic process?
a. sedimentation of volcanic ejecta
b. welding of pyroclasts
c. magmatic process
d. volcanism
sedimentation of volcanic ejecta
127
What is understood by mélange?
a. rocks that lie helter-skelter at foot of a hill
b. scree on a hill slope
c. fossils of different species occurring in a bed
d. rocks of diverse character mingled together
rocks of diverse character mingled together
128
Name the scientist who pioneered the study of rocks in thin section
under the microscope.
a. R. A. Bagnold
b. Henry Sorby
c. Georges Cuvier
d. A. W. Grabau
Answer: Henry Sorby
a. R. A. Bagnold (Sediment/particle mechanics)
c. Georges Cuvier (Catastrophism)
d. A. W. Grabau (index fossils/biostratigraphy)
129
Provides a continuous scale of hardness values, allowing for more precise comparisons than the Mohs scale.
a. Vickers
b. Brinell
c. Knoop
d. Rockwell
Vickers
130
Commonly used for metals, it provides a measure of hardness that is particularly useful for materials with coarse or uneven structures.
a. Vickers
b. Brinell
c. Knoop
d. Rockwell
Brinell
131
Useful hardness scale for brittle materials or thin sections where minimal damage is desired.
a. Vickers
b. Brinell
c. Knoop
d. Rockwell
Knoop
132
Who was the geologist who advanced and named the Theory of Isostasy?
C. B. Dutton
133
The title of the book by Charles Lyell Which laid the foundation of modern
geology is?
a. Origin of the Earth
b. Understanding the Earth
c. Fundamentals of Geology
d. Principles of Geology
Principles of Geology
134
The now discarded Neptunian theory of the origin of the earth was developed by which geologist, who otherwise was a great teacher of the subject in his own time?
Abraham Gottlob Werner
135
Name the great mineralogist who invented the goniometer.
a. W. E. Ford
b. E. S. Dana
c. W. H. Wollaston
d. Robert Boyle
W. H. Wollaston
136
Which paleontologist advanced the theory the vast areas of the Earth hadonce been covered by ice?
a. Ferdinand Zirkel
b. K. A. von Zittel
c. J. L. Agassiz
d. R. C. Moore
J. L. Agassiz
137
What do geologists owe to the invention by William Nicol?
a. polarizing microscope
b. clinocompass
c. prismatic compass
d. microtic alidade
polarizing microscope
138
what is the ability of anisotropic minerals to split plane-polarized light into two rays as it passes through them called?
a. interference
b. polarization
c. birefringence
d. anisotropism
birefringence
139
The very first Nobel Prize for Physics was won in 1901 by W. K. Roentgen for discovery that has bearing on the study of mineralogy. what was it?
a. crystal structure
b. diffraction of light
c. scattering of light in crystals
d. X ray radiation
X ray radiation
140
The great forgery that shook the geological world in the early 20th century is known by the name of?
a. Piltdown mystery
b. Eiderdown mystery
c. Beringer mystery
d. Hadrynian mystery
Piltdown mystery
141
Where are the headquarters of the International Union of geological science located?
a. London
b. New York
c. Denver Colorado
d. Paris
Paris
142
A stereoscope is used for which purpose?
a. to view aerial photographs in three dimensions
b. to measure angular distance in vertical and horizontal planes
c. for correction of parallax in a theodolite
d. for mapping satellite imageries
to view aerial photographs in three dimensions
143
Orography deals with which branch of geology?
a. chemical studies of ores and minerals
b. microscopic study of polished sections
c. physical relief of earth’s surface
d. study of geosynclines
physical relief of earth’s surface
144
The Himalayan Mountain is placed in which category?
a. fold mountain
b. block mountain
c. erosion mountain
d. relic mountain
fold mountain
145
Mountains created when large blocks of the Earth’s crust are uplifted or tilted along fault lines due to tectonic forces.
a. fold mountain
b. block mountain
c. erosion mountain
d. relic mountain
block mountain
146
The Appalachian Mountain is placed in which category?
a. fold mountain
b. block mountain
c. erosion mountain
d. relic mountain
relic mountain
147
The summit of Mount Everest is made up of which rock?
a. Basalt
b. Granite
c. Sandstone
d. Limestone
Limestone
148
Where are the southern Alps situated?
a. along France-Italy border
b. north of Lombardy plains in Italy
c. New Zealand South Island
d. Austria-Slovenia border
New Zealand South Island
149
Which is the tallest mountain peak outside the Himalayan system?
a. Mont Blanc in the Alps
b. Mt. Aconcagua in the Andes
c. Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa
d. Mount McKinley in Alaska
Mt. Aconcagua in the Andes
150
a geological process involving the partial melting of rocks. This process typically occurs in the Earth's crust when rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures, resulting in the formation of magmatic materials such as migmatites.
Anatexis
151
What is the height of an Arial 12 pt in mm?
3.03 mm
152
the basement formation exposed in the Grand Canyon in USA is named
after a Hindu God. Which one?
a. Brahma
b. Vishnu
c. Shiva
d. Ganesh
Vishnu
153
What is a sugar-loaf hill?
a. Mesa
b. monadnock
c. bornhardt
d. horn
bornhardt
154
Enumerate the Hawaiian Islands from oldest to youngest.
Never Kick Other Men's Little Monkeys Keeping Happiness.
Niihau, Kaua'l, O'ahu, Molokai, Lana'l, Maui, Kaho'olawe, and Hawaii
155
1 angstrom in m
10^-10 m
156
This rule states that the number of different cations and anions in a crystal structure tend to be small.
Rule of Parsimony
157
A chemical substance consisting of a lattice that traps or contains methane, methanol, and other organic carbon molecules which are believed to be the major cause of mammalian extinction during the Paleocene-Eocene boundary due to global warming.
Clathrates
158
involves reactions in which igneous rocks are "stewing in their own juices"
Deuteric reactions
159
The triple point of the kyanite-andalusite-sillimanite stability field is located at?
a. about 4.0 kbar and 500C
b. about 4.5 kbar and 525C
c. about 5.0 kbar and 400C
d. about 4.25 kbar and 600C
about 4.0 kbar and 500C
(~3.8 kbar and ~510C by EarthMat)
160
What is the low pressure aluminum silicate polymorph?
Andalusite
161
What is the high pressure aluminum silicate polymorph?
Kyanite
162
are fragmented rocks that have experienced the breakage of brittle rock into smaller sized fragments
Cataclasites
163
What is a hypsographic curve?
a. Profile of elevations on the sea floor
b. Profile of elevations of land above sea level
c. Profile of elevations plotted above or below a given datum
d. Profile of elevations of the continental shelf
Profile of elevations plotted above or below a given datum
164
What is the name of the volcano that is reported to have been active
for the last million years and in 1883 erupted catastrophically killing not
less than 36,000 people?
a. Kilauea in Hawaii
b. Stromboli in Italy
c. Mauna Loa in Hawaii
d. Krakatoa in Sumatra
Krakatoa in Sumatra
165
Volcanoes are found practically all around the globe, but there is one
large region where there is no volcano. Which region is this?
a. Antarctica
b. New Zealand
c. Australia
d. Greenland
Australia
166
Where does the ‘Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes’ occur, which was formed by the eruption of the Novarupta volcano in 1912, which created a landscape filled with fumaroles emitting steam and gas.?
a. Japan
b. Hawaii Island
c. Alaska
d. Argentina
Alaska
167
The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) was aged Early Jurassic. What is it in MA?
200-176 Ma
168
What is the age of Siberian Traps?
Late Permian-Early Triassic
169
Enumerate the Cenozoic Epochs and their corresponding time lower boundaries.
Paleocene - 65 Ma
Eocene - 55 Ma
Oligocene - 34 Ma
Miocene - 23 Ma
Pliocene - 5 Ma
Pleistocene - 2.4 Ma
Holocene - 0.01 Ma
170
What is the down-folded portion of an orogene known as?
a. tectonic enclave
b. tectonic block
c. tectogene
d. tectofacies
tectogene
171
Which one of the following mountain chains is not a fold mountain belt?
a. Alps
b. Himalayas
c. Kunlun
d. Rockies
Kunlun (Western Central China)
172
What types of sediments usually form after mountain building has started in the long troughs?
a greywackes
b. conglomerates
c. argillaceous marls
d. arkoses
**Greywackes** are a type of sandstone characterized by a mixture of various grain sizes and compositions, often including fragments of other rocks. They typically form in tectonically active environments, such as those associated with mountain building, where sediments are rapidly deposited in basins created by tectonic forces.
173
What was the name of the ocean that occupied the general position of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt between the Hercynian and Alpine orogenies?
a. Pacific
b. Muschelkalk
c. Tethys
d. Zech stein
Tethys
174
This mineral is used as a heavy additive in oil well drilling; in the paper and rubber industries; as a filler or extender in cloth, ink and plastics products; in radiography; as a deoxidizer for copper; a sparkplug in alloys; and in making expensive white pigments.
a. Ba
b. Feldspar
c. Cr
d. Fluor Spar
Barium
175
This mineral is used in the nuclear industry and to make light, but strong alloys used by the aircraft industry. Salts are used in fluorescent lamps,
X-ray tubes and as a deoxidizer in bronze metallurgy. It is used in computers, telecommunication and electronics products, aerospace and defense applications, appliances, automotive and consumer electronics, and medical applications.
a. Sb
b. Be
c. Cr
d. Co
Beryllium
176
It’s used as an alloy in stainless and heat resisting steel products. It’s also used in chemical and metallurgical industries and create superalloys.
a. Sb
b. Be
c. Cr
d. Co
Chromium
177
It’s used primarily in superalloys for aircraft gas turbine engines, cemented carbides for cutting
tools and wear-resistant applications, chemicals (paint dryers, catalysts, magnetic coatings) and permanent magnets.
a. Sb
b. Be
c. Cr
d. Co
Cobalt
178
It’s industrially important in glass and ceramic industries; patter and enamelware; soaps; bond for abrasive wheels; cements; insulating compositions; fertilizer; tarred roofing materials; and as a sizing, or filler, in textiles and paper
a. Ba
b. Feldspar
c. Cr
d. Fluor Spar
Feldspar
179
It’s used in the metallurgical treatment of bauxite.
a. Ba
b. Feldspar
c. Cr
d. Fluor Spar
Fluorite (Fluor Spar)
180
It is used as a hardening alloy for lead
a. Sb
b. Be
c. Cr
d. Co
Antimony
181
It is used in integrated circuits, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), photodetectors and solar cells. It has a new use in chemotherapy for some types of cancer.
a. Ni
b. Mo
c. In
d. Ga
Gallium
182
This mineral is used to de-ice highways.
Halite
183
This is used for electrical conductivity purposes in flat panel devices most commonly
in liquid crystal displays (LCDs).
a. Ni
b. Mo
c. In
d. Ga
Indium
184
This element is a major component of the substitute for nickel-cadmium batteries in hand held/portable electronic devices which is also used for lubricating greases.
Lithium
185
It is used because of its high melting temperature (4,730 F) as filament supports in light bulbs, metalworking dies and
furnace parts.
a. Ni
b. Mo
c. In
d. Ga
Molybdenum
186
Vital as an alloy to stainless steel, it plays a key role in the chemical and aerospace industries.
a. Ni
b. Mo
c. In
d. Ga
Nickel
187
Chemical Formula of Trona
Soda Ash (Na2CO3·NaHCO3·2H2O) is a non-marine evaporite mineral
