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Board Exam > General Geology > Flashcards

General Geology Flashcards

1
Q

Along with Robert Wilson, first observed the cosmic wave background radiation.
a. Abraham Gottlob Werner
b. Alfred Harker
c. Arturo P. Alcaraz
d. Arno Allan Penzias

A

a. Abraham Gottlob Werner (Neptunism)
b. Alfred Harker (Harker Diagrams)
c. Arturo P. Alcaraz (Father of Geothermal Energy Development in PH)
d. Arno Allan Penzias (Cosmic Wave Background Radiation)

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2
Q

What is the Barrovian sequence?

A

chlorite - biotite - garnet - staurolite - kyanite - sillimanite

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3
Q

Noted and published the theory of Nebular Hypothesis.
a. Georges Lemaitre
b. Immanuel Kant
c. William Whewell
d. Jan Oort

A

a. Georges Lemaitre (Big Bang)
b. Immanuel Kant (Nebular Hypothesis)
c. William Whewell (coined Uniformitarianism and Catastrophism)
d. Jan Oort (Oort Cloud)

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4
Q

He popularized Catastrophism
a.) Charles Lyell
b.) James Hutton
c.) Baron Georges Cuvier
d.) Baron Berzelius

A

a.) Charles Lyell (Popularized Uniformitarianism)
b.) James Hutton (Principles of Uniformitarianism)
c.) Baron Georges Cuvier (Popularized Catastrophism)
d.) Baron Berzelius (Mineral Chemical Classification)

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5
Q

Along with Nicolas Desmarest, made the first geologic maps
a. Shen Kuo
b. Waldemar Lindgren
c. Jean-Etienne Guettard
d. Theophrastus

A

Jean-Etienne Guettard

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6
Q

The Father of Modern Stratigraphy and established Law of Faunal Succession.
a. Willebrord Snellius
b. Wiliam Nicol
c. William Henry Bragg
d. William Smith

A

a. Willebrord Snellius (Snell’s Law)
b. Wiliam Nicol (Polarizing Microscope)
c. William Henry Bragg (Crystal structure)
d. William Smith (Father of Modern Stratigraphy)

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7
Q

The Oceans composition in the Hydrosphere.

A

97.2%

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8
Q

What is the percentage of Glaciers and Groundwater in the Hydrosphere?

A

2.15% and 0.62% respectively

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9
Q

First 4 most abundant elements/componuds in the atmosphere.

A

78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% Argon, 0.04% CO2

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10
Q

A division of the Earth’s atmosphere, that extends from the mean sea level to about 100 km above sea level, where the mix of gases is roughly constant.

A

Homosphere

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11
Q

A division of the Earth’s atmosphere where the mixture of gases radically changes with altitude.

A

Heterosphere

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12
Q

Contains roughly about 80% of the mass of the Earth’s atmosphere and where most weather and climate phenomena are confined.

A

Troposphere

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13
Q

This layer extends up to 50 km above sea level and contains the Ozone Layer

A

Stratosphere

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14
Q

Deadliest of the three UV rays but mostly absorbed by the Earth’s atmosphere.

A

UV-C

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15
Q

UV ray that is dangerous between 10:00 am to 04:00 pm, with its rays able to cause skin cancer.

A

UV-B

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16
Q

UV ray that penetrates glass and deep into the skin causing aging and skin damage

A

UV-A

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17
Q

A layer of the atmosphere that extends up to 85 km above sea level, with the temperature dropping with increasing altitude having an average temperature of -85°C. Noctilucent clouds can be found here.

A

Mesosphere

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18
Q

a layer in the atmosphere that extends up to 600 km above sea level, and is completely cloudless and water vapor-free. Auroras and the International Space Station (350 - 420 kmasl) are found here.

A

Thermosphere

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19
Q

The proposed boundary between the atmosphere and outer space.

A

Karman Line

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20
Q

Area of Major, Minor and Micro plates

A

Major: > 20M km2
Minor: 1-20M km2
Micro: < 1M km2

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21
Q

Normal Distribution has equal Mean, Median, and Mode. How is it different from positively and negatively skewed distribution?

A

• Positively Skewed (Skewed to the left): Mean > Median > Mode
• Negatively Skewed (Skewed to the right): Mean < Median < Mode

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22
Q

Rank the area of major lithospheric plates

A

Pacific, North American, Eurasian, African, Antartic, Indo-Australian, and South American Plate

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23
Q

The second satellite of NASA that was launched on November 18, 1989 to study Cosmic Background Microwave Radiation.

a. COBE
b. Planck
c. WMAP
d. TESS

A

a. Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) - 1st
b. Planck - 3rd
c. Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) - 2nd
d. Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) - Exoplanet-hunting satellite

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24
Q

What type of galaxy is the Milkyway and Andromeda?

A

Barred Spiral Galaxy and Spiral Galaxy respectively.

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25
Q

The supercluster at which Milkyway is found.

A

Laniakea Supercluster

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26
Q

Star sequence phase where it begins when materials stop falling into the Protostar and release tremendous amounts of energy. The mean temperature isn’t enough to support nuclear fusion at its core.

A

T-Tauri phase

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27
Q

The phenomenon where objects are stretched out due to its proximity to a black hole.

A

Spaghettification

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28
Q

The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milkyway.

A

Sagittarius A

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29
Q

A predicted point in the very center of the black hole, theorized to have infinite density.

A

Singularity

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30
Q

The boundary of no return in a black hole

A

Event Horizon

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31
Q

A type of neutron star that has a magnetic field about quadrillion times compared to Earth. Can cause outbursts of x-rays called x-ray flashes.

A

Magnetar

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32
Q

A type of neutron star that emits beams of radiation due to a misalignment of the neutron star’s rotation and magnetic axes.

A

Pulsars

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33
Q

It is a lunar mission where Neil Armstrong partook and landed on the moon in the Sea of Tranquility.

A

Apollo 11

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34
Q

Where is the barycenter between the Earth and the Sun?
a. Midpoint between the two
b. Near the moon’s orbit
c. Near Mercury’s orbit
d. Near the Sun’s core

A

Near the Sun’s core as it has significantly more mass.

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35
Q

Moon formation theory that states that when Theia collided with the molten Earth, it completely vaporized the proto-planet, creating a __________, a rotating donut-shaped collection of vaporized rock. The rotating mass homogenized its composition, then which the Earth and Moon accreted separately.

A

Synestia Model

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36
Q

A moon formation theory that states that collisions with the Earth is not a one-time event but of successive impacts of projectiles creating moonlets that coalesced to form the present moon.

A

Moonlets model

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37
Q

Where is the Asteroid and Kuiper Belt located?

A

Asteroid Belt - Between Mars and Jupiter
Kuiper Belt - Beyond Neptune

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38
Q

The largest object in the Kuiper belt.

A

Pluto dwarf planet

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39
Q

The largest object in the Asteroid belt

A

Ceres dwarf planet

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40
Q

The Solar System is found in the __________ arm of the Milky Way

A

Orion Spur

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41
Q

Density of the moon

A

3.34 g/cc

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42
Q

Percent H and He composition of the Sun

A

H - 70%
He - 28%

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43
Q

Density of Mars

A

3.9 g/cc

44
Q

Largest Volcano in the Solar System, where is it found?

A

Olympus Mons - Mars

45
Q

Largest observed impact crater in the Solar System. Where?

A

Hellas Planitia - Mars

46
Q

Large canyon system in the solar system and stretches more than 4,800 km long. Where?

A

Valles Marineris - Mars

47
Q

Largest and most powerful hurricane in the Solar System. Where is it found?

A

Great Red Spot - Jupiter

48
Q

The 4th largest object in the Kuiper Belt

A

Haumea dwarf planet first observed in Palomar Observatory

49
Q

Is the change from high to low tide

A

Ebb Tide

50
Q

Two points on the surface of a celestial body that are diametrically opposed to each other.

A

Antipodes

51
Q

Brightness of an object in space or an expression of the ability of surfaces to reflect light (locally: sunlight)

A

Albedo

52
Q

Iron meteorites have a distinctive crystalline structure/texture known as the:

A

Widmanstatten texture

53
Q

Meteorites that contain big, beautiful olive-green crystals embedded entirely in metal.

A

Pallasites

54
Q

Brecciated meteorites with fragments composed of igneous rocks and metal clasts. Formed when debrisfrom a collision between two asteroids is mixed together.

A

Mesosiderites

55
Q

Igneous meteorites that are once melted into magma and creates concentric layers upon crystallization, a process known as igneous differentiation.

A

Achondrites

56
Q

An achondrite meteorite that came from a differentiated parent body and experienced extensive igneous processing not much different from magmatic rocks found on Earth. They closely resemble terrestrial igneous rocks.

A

Howardite-Eucrite-Diogenite (HED) meteorites

57
Q

A shadow is caused by an object passing in front of the light. The dark part of the shadow is the ________, and the part of a shadow that’s a little lighter is the ________

A

umbra; penumbra

58
Q

also called as Southern Lights

A

Aurora Australis - Antarctic Circle

59
Q

is a tiny satellite that orbits around an asteroid

A

Dactyl

60
Q

A phenomenon where Day and Night time are almost equal which happens when the Sun is directly above the equator. Happens twice a year

A

Equinox

61
Q

a faint glow of diffuse light in the sky scattered by interplanetary dust, along the ecliptic.

A

False Dawn (Zodiac Light)

62
Q

small rounded pieces of silicate glass, thought to have become airborne during terrestrial impact events

A

Tektites

63
Q

A phenomenon where three or more celestial bodies align in a roughly straight line.

A

syzygy

64
Q

Radioactive dating method suitable for organic materials less than 50,000 years old.

A

Carbon-14

65
Q

This radioactive dating method utilizes the abundance of a certain element locked up in feldspars, clays, and amphiboles. This element however, is very mobile during metamorphism and alteration. useful for Mesozoic to Cenozoic unaltered igneous rocks.

A

Potassium-Argon Dating

66
Q

This radioactive dating method is similar to Potassium-Argon except that it solved the mobility problem of Potassium during alteration events. It can date very old to very young rocks.

A

39Ar - 40Ar Dating

67
Q

Radioactive dating technique used on ferromagnesian minerals such as micas and amphiboles or on limestones. However, concerned radioactive elements easily follow fluids that move through rocks or escape during some types of metamorphism. It has the highest currently accepted half-life of 47 BY.

A

Rb-Sr Dating

68
Q

Radioactive dating method that is highly favoured for accurate dating of igneous and metamorphic rocks, through many different techniques. The great advantage is that almost all igneous and metamorphic rocks contain sufficient concerned radioactive elements for this dating. It can date ages up to the birth of the Earth.

A

U-Pb Dating

69
Q

The latest age in the Geologic Time Scale

A

Meghalayan

70
Q

a sequence of metamorphosed mafic to ultramafic volcanic and associated sedimentary rocks located on the eastern shore of Hudson Bay, 40 km southeast of Inukjuak, Quebec. These rocks have undergone extensive metamorphism, and represent some of the oldest surface rocks on Earth

A

Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt

71
Q

BIF type that is the oldest (from the Archaean) and appears to be linked with volcanic arcs. They are majorly found in old greenstone belts. Iron-rich minerals are customarily magnetite.

A

Algoma-type

72
Q

BIF type that is formed during the Paleoproterozoic. They formed on firm continental shelves. Accumulations are in vast dimensions (greater than 100 meters in thickness and over 100 km in lateral extent). A crucial iron-bearing phase is hematite, but magnetite also occurs.

A

Superior-type

73
Q

This type of BIF is the least significant with respect to the volume of ore mined. Their genesis appears to be linked with glaciations, global ice age (Snowball Earth) and related environmental changes. Iron-bearing mineral in this type accumulations is hematite.

A

Rapitan-type

74
Q

This supercontinent is said to be formed by Kenoran-Algoman Orogeny

A

Kenorland

75
Q

The first and second supercontinents.

A

1st: Vaalbara
2nd: Ur

76
Q

The largest impact crater in the Earth. Formed during proterozoic era

A

Vredefort Crater in South Africa

77
Q

The oldest and longest ice age. Stopped the deposition of algoma-type BIFs. What is the period range of such event?

A

Huronian Glaciation (Siderian-Rhyacian)

78
Q

Supercontinent formed by Hudsonian orogeny

A

Columbia/Nuna/Hudsonland

79
Q

It is the first known eukaryotic fossil found in Negaunee Iron Formation in Michigan

A

Grypania

80
Q

It is a supercontinent formed by the Grenville Orogeny

A

Rodinia

81
Q

It is the superocean that surrounds Rodinia, how about the superocean the surrounds Pangaea?

A

Rodinia - Mirovia
Pangaea - Panthalassa

82
Q

Supercontinent formed by Pan-African Orogeny

A

Panotia/Vendian/Greater Gondwana

83
Q

The ocean that formed after the fragmentation of Rodinia

A

Iapetus Ocean

84
Q

Cited as possible ancestor for Trilobites

A

Spriggina

85
Q

Enumerate the 5 extinction events

A
  1. Ordovician-Silurian
  2. Devonian
  3. Permian
  4. Triassic-Jurassic
  5. Cretaceous-Tertiary
86
Q

First Jawed Fishes

A

Silurian

87
Q

The three orogenies that formed the Appalachian Mts.

A
  1. Taconic
  2. Caledonian
  3. Acadian
88
Q

First ammonites and first ampibians

A

Devonian

89
Q

Age of Plants

A

Carboniferous

90
Q

Age of Retiles

A

Mesozoic

91
Q

Formation of Pangaea

A

Permian

92
Q

What lagerstatten are Archeopteryx found?

A

Solnhofen Limestone

93
Q

Age of mammals

A

Cenozoic

94
Q

What element is said to be the evidence of Chixulub impact?

A

Iridium

95
Q

Age of Lucy

A

Pliocene

96
Q

wind-driven currents related to global wind systems that have differences in air mass temperature and Coriolis force

A

Geostrophic Currents

97
Q

A general term for a gap in the sedimentation record

A

Lacuna

98
Q

Are strong cold air masses moving downhill.

A

Katabatic Winds (compare Anabatic)

99
Q

The study of modern lakes

A

Limnology

100
Q

a curve in the surface of a molecular substance (water, of course) when it touches another material

A

Meniscus

101
Q

the summit or ridge of a mountain that protrudes from an ice field or glacier that otherwise covers most of the mountain or ridge.

A

Nunataks (Rognons is the smaller and rounded version)

102
Q

Lake margin of marshy environment

A

Palustrine

103
Q

___________ convinced experienced investors, expert auditors and even Bre-X management that a dry mine was worth over $6 billion.

A

Michael De Guzman

104
Q

Which of the following is the largest temperate desert?

A) Gobi Desert
B) Patagonian Desert
C) Great Basin Desert
D) Kalahari Desert

A

Paragonian Desert

105
Q

Largest cut diamond in the world also known as “The Star of Africa”

A

Cullinan Diamond

106
Q

This project was an attempt in the early 1960s to drill through the Earth’s crust to obtain samples of the Mohorovičić discontinuity.

A

Project Mohole

Board Exam (17 decks)

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