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Molecules and Cells (Unit 1) > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Glycolysis step by step

A

Glucose – hexokinase- glucose 6- phosphate- phosphoglucoisomerase- fructose 6- phosphate- phosphofructokinase- Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate- aldolase- dihydroacetone phosphate- triose phosphate isomerase- glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate- glyceralderhyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase- 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate- phosphoglycerate kinase- 3-phosphoglycerate- phosphoglycerate mutase- 2-phosphoglycerate- Enolase- phosphenol pyruvate- pyruvate kinase- pyruvate

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2
Q

Why do we phosphorylate glucose?

A

It increases specificity

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3
Q

What inhibits PFK-1?

A
  1. ATP (liver and muscle)
  2. H+ in muscle
  3. Citrate (liver)
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4
Q

What is the Warburg effect?

A

a. A “metabolic shift” that occurs during implantation
b. Cancer

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5
Q

Regeneration of NAD+ is necessary to maintain _______

A

REDOX balance

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6
Q

Where is GLUT 3 located?

A

All mammalian tissues

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7
Q

How many glucose transporters?

A
  1. 12; only 5 with known functions
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8
Q

For irreversible reaction in glycolysis is the ΔG negative or positive?

A

Negative

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9
Q

What is the net total of ATP that will be created from 2mol of glucose going through glycolysis?

A

4

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10
Q

Which reaction of the glycolytic cycle must be coupled?

A
  1. Conversion of G3P to 1,3BPG
  2. Reaction occurs in two stages
    1. Oxidation of –CHO (aldehyde) to CO2 using NAD+
    2. Joining of CO2 and Pi to form an acyl-P product
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11
Q

Where is GLUT 1 located?

A
  1. All mammalian tissues
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12
Q

PFK-1 is ________ regulated.

A

Allosterically

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13
Q

NAD+ is necessary for which step of glycolysis?

A

G3P dehydrogenase

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14
Q

Which steps of glycolysis require ATP?

A
  1. Glucose to Glu6P
  2. F6P to F16bp
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15
Q

How is hexokinase regulated in muscle? Which hexokinase type is inhibited?

A
  1. Allosterically inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate
  2. Inhibits HK-4
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16
Q

Common cofactor in glycolysis

A

Mg+

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17
Q

In which cells is glycolysis the ONLY energy source?

A
  1. RBC (no mitochondria)
  2. Cornea and lens of eye
  3. Certain regions of the retina
  4. Renal medulla
  5. Testis
  6. Leukocytes
  7. White muscle fibers
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18
Q

What are the 4 possible fates for pyruvate?

A
  1. Lactate
  2. Acetyl CoA to CO2
  3. Oxaloacetate
  4. Ethanol
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19
Q

How is PFK1 regulated in muscle?

A
  1. Inhibited by ATP
  2. Activated by AMP
20
Q

Where is GLUT 2 located?

A

Liver and pancreatic Beta cells

21
Q

Which enzymes are regulated differently in muscle versus liver?

A
  1. PFK-1
  2. Hexokinase
  3. Pyruvate kinase
22
Q

What macromolecule are glucose transporters?

A

Enzymes

23
Q

Which enzymes catalyze irreversible reactions in glycolysis?

A
  1. Hexokinase
  2. Phosphofructokinase
  3. Pyruvate kinase
24
Q

Which amino acid residues act as general catalysts during catalytic cycle?

A
  1. Glutamine
  2. Histidine
25
Q

Possible fates for Glu-6-P

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Glycogenesis
  3. Ribose-5- phosphate
  4. NADH production via the pentose phosphate pathway
26
Q

What kind of structure does triose phosphate isomerase have?

A

Αβ barrel (α8β8)

27
Q

How do blood glucose levels regulate glycolysis?

A
  1. High blood glucose levels stimulate glycolysis
  2. Low Blood glucose levels inhibit glycolysis
28
Q

Do high insulin levels stimulate or inhibit glycolysis?

A

Stimulate

29
Q

Enzyme of glycolysis that catalyzes intramolecular group transfer

A

Phosphoglycerate mutase

30
Q

How is pyruvate kinase regulated in muscle?

A
  1. Inhibited by ATP and alanine (indicates an abundance of building blocks)
  2. Activated by Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
31
Q

What activates Fru-2,6-bisphosphate?

A
  1. AMP (muscle)
  2. Fru-2,6-bisphosphate
32
Q

Where is GLUT 4 located?

A

Muscle and fat cells

33
Q

Where is GLUT 5 located?

A

Small intestine

34
Q

How is PFK1 regulated in the liver?

A
  1. Inhibited by ATP and citrate
  2. Activated by fructose 2,6 bisphosphate
  3. Regulated by hormones glucagon and insulin
35
Q

Which steps of glycolysis yield ATP?

A
  1. 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to 3- phosphoglycerate (2)
  2. PEP to pyruvate (2)
36
Q

How is pyruvate kinase regulated in the liver?

A
  1. Under hormonal control
  2. Low glucose levels cause the release of glucagon that lead to the phosphorylation of PK, which inhibits it
  3. Activated by high insulin levels
37
Q

Modes of Regulation of Glycolytic Enzymes

A
  1. Allosteric Control
  2. Covalent modification via protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
  3. Different isozymic forms
  4. Transcriptional control
  5. Sequestration by binding another protein
  6. Subcellular translocation
38
Q

What gas is Acetyl CoA converted to?

A

CO2

39
Q

The Warburg effect is an important pathway in _____cells and _____cells.

A

Tumor; embryonic stem

40
Q

Which steps of glycolysis yield NADH?

A

Triose phosphate dehydrogenase(2)

41
Q

How many GAP molecules are produced per glucose molecule?

A

2

42
Q

How is hexokinase regulated in the liver? Which hexokinase type is inhibited?

A
  1. Allosterically inhibited by fructose 6 phosphate
    1. Binding of Fructose 6 phosphate to a protein (GK-RP) causes hexokinase to bind to that protein as well. This protein moves hexokinase from the cytosol to the nucleus
    2. Inhibits Hexokinase 1-3
  2. Activated by increased insulin and glucose levels
43
Q

Which steps of glycolysis require Mg2+?

A
  1. Glucose to Glu6P
  2. F6P to F16bp
44
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the first committed step of the glycolytic pathway?

A

PFK-1

45
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytosol

Molecules and Cells (Unit 1) (48 decks)

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