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Molecules and Cells (Unit 1) > Acid- Base > Flashcards

Acid- Base Flashcards

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1
Q

Why does the renal system produce ammonia? How does it work? How does it affect acid-base balance?

A

Ammonia excreted in the urine promotes acid excretion; ammonia returned to the systemic circulation is metabolized in the liver in a HCO3(-)-consuming process,

Ammonia production and transport are regulated by a variety of factors, including extracellular pH and K(+)

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2
Q

pH> pKa.Pronated or deprotated

A

Deprotanated

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3
Q

Aldosterone

A

Increases Na+ retention Decreases K+ retention

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4
Q

Chief Intracellular Ions

A

K+, HPO4-, Protein, Mg 2+

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5
Q

What causes the production of fixed acids?

A

The incomplete metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

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6
Q

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

A

pH= pKa + log (A-/HA)

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7
Q

Fixed acids

A

n acid produced in the body from sources other than carbon dioxide, and is not excreted by the lungs.

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8
Q

Examples of types of nutients that lead to production fixed acids or excess base

A

Wine, certain fruits

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9
Q

Ions in Cellular gradients

A

K+, Na+, Cl-, and Ca 2+

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10
Q

The stronger the acid the _______ the pKa.

A

Lower

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11
Q

Relationship between Ka and pH

A

High pH= low Ka, Low pH= high Ka

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12
Q

Normal blood pH range

A

7.35-7.45

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13
Q

Is the respiratory system an open or closed system?

A

Open

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14
Q

What is normal gap value?

A

12-14

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15
Q

Causes of acidosis with an unchanged gap acidosis

A

HCl or Nh4Cl ingestion

Diarrhea

Inhibition of renal carbonic anhydrase

Renal tubular acidosis

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16
Q

Defects of diabetes insipidus

A

Failure to respond to ADH

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17
Q

Glutaminase breaks down ____

A

Glutamine; into Glutamate and NH3

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18
Q

Equivelancy point

A

when the moles of a standard solution (titrant) equal the moles of a solution of unknown concentration

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19
Q

Relationship between pH and pKa at midpoint

A

pH=pKa

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20
Q

Normal HCO3- range

A

22-26

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21
Q

ADH

A

Increases water rentention

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22
Q

Diamox is prescribed in response to acidosis or alkalosis

A

Alkalosis; increases release of bicarbonate in urine

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23
Q

Are Na+ and H+ concentrations inveresly or directly related?

A

Inversely

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24
Q

Is the pCo2 in the lungs low or high?

A

Low

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25
Q

The total osmalirity of the plasma is dependent mainly on ___, ___, and __.

A

Na+, Cl-, and HCO3-

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26
Q

Relationship between ammonia and K+ production

A

Increase in Ammonia= Decrease in Potassium

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27
Q

Midpoint ratio

A

1:1

28
Q

Anion gap equation

A

Anion gap= Na+ - (HCO3-+ Cl-)

29
Q

Strong acid

A

any acid that ionizes completely in solutions

30
Q

What is an ampholyte?

A

molecules that contain both acidic and basic groups and will exist mostly as zwitterions in a certain range of pH.

31
Q

Normal pCO2 range

A

35-45

32
Q

Renal tubular acidosis II

A

Decrease in the recovery of HCO3-

33
Q

Bicarbonate buffer system

A
34
Q

pH< pKa. Protanated or deprotonated

A

Protonated

35
Q

Weak acid

A

an acid that dissociates incompletely, releasing only some of its hydrogen atoms into the solution.

36
Q

Where is carbonic anhydrase located?

A

RBC

37
Q

Possible causes of high gap acidosis

A

Renal failure

Ketoacidosis

Lactic acidosis

Methanol ingestion

38
Q

Renal tubular acidosis I

A

Increase in NH3 excretion

39
Q

Resists change in pH with the addition of H+ or OH-

A

Buffer

40
Q

What is the difference between chief intracellular ions and ions in interstitial fluids?

A

Interstitial fluid has less protein

41
Q

Gastric Juice pH

A

1.5-3.0

42
Q

Pancreatic Juice pH

A

7.8-8.0

43
Q

Urine pH

A

4.6-8.2

44
Q

Hydrogen-bonding activity requires a maximum of _________ hydrogen bonds with neighboring molecules

A

4

45
Q

Plasma Osmotic activity

A

0.308 M sucrose and 0.154 M NaCl or 0.9% isotonic saline.

46
Q

Blood plasma and isotonic saline

A

286 mOsmolar solution

47
Q

·High blood ketoacids and hyperglycemia can lead to _______ loss or dehydration that accompainies __________ and __________

A

Water; ketouria; glucosuria

48
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase contains what metal?

A

Zn

49
Q

Major sites of carbonic anhydrase are ________ and __________.

A

RBC and renal tubular epithelium

50
Q

Where in the kidneys does NH3 and H+ enter?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

51
Q

Where in the kidneys is HCO3- recovered?

A

Proximal convulted tubules

52
Q

For every bicarbonate recovered, you need a _________.

A

Proton

53
Q

How is the Na+ gradient established?

A

Na+- K+ pump

54
Q

Total Urine Acidity

A

Titratable + NH4+ + HCO3-

55
Q

Fixed acids must be excreted through the __________

A

Renal system

56
Q

Increased acetoacetic acid can result in _____

A

Diabetes meliitus

57
Q

Substances that if ingested can cause acidosis

A

Salicylates

methanol

Any toxin depressing cardio- respiratory activity

58
Q

Substances that if ingested can cause alkalosis

A

NaHCO3

Salicylate

59
Q

Acidosis in the GI/Kidneys are caused by:::

A

Retention of fixed acid (Renal Failure)

Inability to release urinary NH3

Loss of HCO3- (Diarrhea or carbonic

anhydrase inhibitor)

Proximal renal tubular acidosis (RTA)

60
Q

Are GI/Kidney disorders metabolic or respiratory?

A

Metabolic

61
Q

Alkalosis in GI/ Kidney can result from:

A

Loss of H+ via vomiting

62
Q

Metabolic acidosis disorders

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Lactic acidosis from hypoxia-

Starvation ketosis

63
Q

Metabolic alkalosis disorders

A

Dissolution of bone (hyperparathyroid disease)

64
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

Brain stem injury

Airway obstruction

Pulmonary disorders

Drug overdose

Emphysema

Chronic Bronchitis,

Severe Asthma

65
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

Anxiety

Head injury,

High altitude,

Iatrogenic hyperventilation

Molecules and Cells (Unit 1) (48 decks)

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