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Molecules and Cells (Unit 1) > Blood and Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Blood and Hematopoiesis Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Proteoglycans are a mixture of _________ and _________

A

Heparin; chondroitin sulfate

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2
Q

What two types of granules are found in neutrophils?

A

Granules which contain bacterial agents such as lysozymes (specific)

Azurophilic granules

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3
Q

It plays a key role in regulating membrane physical properties of mechanical stability and deformability by stabilizing spectrin-actin interaction.

A

Protein 4.1

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4
Q

Basophils infiltrate the brochioles during _______________, the nasal passages in ______________, and the site of inflammation in other ____________

A

Asthmatic attack; hay fever; allergies

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5
Q

List leukocytes from most abundant to least abundant.

A

Neutrophil, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophil, Basophil

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6
Q

What components make up the buffy coat?

A

Leukocytes and platelets

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7
Q

T and B cells are derived from what type of cell?

A

Lymphoid stem cell

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8
Q

Hemoglobin abnormalities=____________

A

Elliptocytosis

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9
Q

May enter the connective as a first line of defense against parasites

A

Eosinophils

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10
Q

Increased monocytes are seen in the blood in chronic inflammatory conditions and tuberculosis

A

Monocytosis

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11
Q

What are the hematopoietic growht factors and what are their roles?

A
  1. Erythropoietin- major regulator of erythropoiesis, stimulates erythroid CFU (colony forming units) cells and proerythroblasts
  2. Thrombopoietin- Increases platelet production, stimulates megakaryoctes CFU cells
  3. Granulocyte CSF- increases the production of neutrophils, stimulates granulocyte- macrophage CFU cells
  4. Granulocyte- macrophage CSF- increases macrophage production, stimulates granulocyte- macrophage CFU cells
  5. Interleukins- stimulate B and T cell formation, function together with G-CSF and GM-CSF
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12
Q

What are components of plasma?

A

Albumin, fibrogen, immunoglobulins, lipids, hormones, vitamins and salts

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13
Q

RBCs formation pathway

A

Proerthyroblast- Basophilic erythroblast- Polychromatophilic erythroblast- Orthochromatic erythroblast- Reticulocyte- Erythrocyte

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14
Q

Which is enzyme is most prevelant in azurophilic granules?

A

Peroxidase

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15
Q

Basophils are functionally related to __________

A

Mast cells

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16
Q

Principal defense in acute bacterial infection

A

Neutrophils

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17
Q

Are eosinophils or neutrophils larger?

A

Eosinophils

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18
Q

4 phases on hematopoiesis. What are the characteristics of each phase?

A

Yolk sac phase- blood in islands in yolk sac, no leukocytes

Hepatic phase- primitive nucleated RBCs, fetal hemoglobin

Bone Marrow Phase- Mature RBCs, leukocytes, ~12 weeks

Adult phase- pelvis, vertebrae, skull, ribs, ends of long bones

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19
Q

Thrombocytes represent fragmented cells which contain residual organalles including ___________ and ____________

A

rER and Golgi

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20
Q

What immune response is given after B and T cells becomes activated?

A

A more intense and faster immune response, the second time an antigen is encountered.

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21
Q

In which cell type is rRNA synthesis largely complete (no nucleoli), active protein synthesis in cytoplasm (basophilia), and hene expression in nucleus (some heterochromatin)?

A

Basophilic erythroblast

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22
Q

What is the most dense component of blood?

A

Erthythrocytes

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23
Q

How is chemotaxis directed in leukocytes?

A

By homing molecules

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24
Q

What are the role of histamine?

A

Make blood vessels permeable

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25
Q

How much time do neutrophils spend in circulation? Where are they going and why?

A

8-10 days; Neutrophils travel to sites of infections where they engulf bacteria, viruses, infected cells and debris.

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26
Q

Basophils have receptors for ______ on their surface.

A

IgE

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27
Q

_________ prodices platelets in ___________

A

Megakaryocytes; bone marrow sinus

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28
Q

Which granules are found in platelets?

A

Alpha (clotting factors)

Dense core (histamine)

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29
Q

What type of stain are blood cells stained with? Be specific.

A

Neutral. H and E

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30
Q

Spectrin is achored to which transmembrane protein

A

Glycoporin

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31
Q

Clotting proteins

A

Fibronogen

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32
Q

Monocytes circulate ____________ (length of time) in the blood, then enter the ____________, where they become _________.

A

1/2- 4days; connective tissue; macrophages

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33
Q

Which leukocytes fall under the category of Agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes

Monocyte

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34
Q

Which leukocyte type has specific granules with a cystalloid core? What is the core composed of?

A

Eosinophils; major basic proteins

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35
Q

Neutrophils are phagoctic for ________ bacteria, which is bacteria coated with __________

A

Opsonized; antibodies

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36
Q

What is the approximate volume of blood in the body?

A

6 liters or 7-8% of body weight

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37
Q

What is the role of small tertiary granules?

A

Secrete gelatinase

Insert adhesion molecules into cell membranes to facilitate phagocytosis

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38
Q

What components make up the blood and in what percentage?

A

Plasma- 53%

Buffy Coat -1%

Erythrocytes- 45%

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39
Q

Machrophages are phagocytic for ______,_______, and ____________.

A

Bacteria, foreign matter, necrotic tissue

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40
Q

T cells mature in the ________

A

Thymus

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41
Q

Antibodies are produced by ___________

A

Lymphocytes

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42
Q

Plasma cells are present in the __________, _______, and ____________

A

Marrow, lymphatic tissue, connective tissue

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43
Q

In the US, esoinophilia is often due to _________ or ____________

A

Asthma; allergies

44
Q

Function of leukocytes

A

Immune protection

Movement

45
Q

Eosinophils play a role in __________,_________, and _____________.

A

Allergic reactions, paraiste infections, and chronic inflammation

46
Q

When blood vessels are damaged, _____________ bind to exposed subendothelium and are activated.

A

platelets

47
Q

What is the life span of neutrophils, paltelets, RBCs, and lymphocytes?

A

Neutrophils, 12-14 hours

Platelets, 10 days

RBCs, 120 days

Lymphocytes, many years

48
Q

What are steps to separating blood?

A
  1. Withdraw blood and place in a tube
  2. Centrifuge the blood sample
  3. Insert an anticoagulant to keep blood from rejoining
49
Q

Which substances are released when platelets are activated?

A

Platelet-derived growth factor

Fibrinogen

Serotonin

ADP

50
Q

In neutrophils, _______,______, and ___________ kill bacteria

A

Lysosomes, lysosomal enzymes, and reactive oxygen species

51
Q

Some storage or transport proteins are made by other cells such as in the _________-

A

Thyroid

52
Q

B cells mature in the __________

A

Bone marrow

53
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system and towards the site of tissue damage or infection

54
Q

What is defining feature of monocytes?

A

A large golgi

55
Q

What allergic reaction symptoms is histamine responsible for?

A

Hives, hay fever, and anaphylactic shock

56
Q

Symmetric cell division yields daughter cells with same fate

A

Transient amplifying cells

57
Q

Kill virus-infected and transformed cells

A

Cytotoxic T cells

58
Q

______________ enables erythrocytes to resist shear forces experienced in the circulation.

A

Ankyrin

59
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

movement of a motile cell or organism, or part of one, in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance.

60
Q

_____________ can modulate the immune response of other immune cells.

A

Basophils

61
Q

Myeloid Lineage

A
  1. Promyelocyte
  2. Myelocyte
  3. Metamyelocyte
  4. Band form
62
Q

Specific types of Macrophages. Where are they found?

A

Kupffer cells- Liver

Dust cells- Lungs

Microglia- Nervous system

Osteoclasts- Bone

63
Q

Which protein is important in staibilizing the inner cytoplasmic membrane of RBCs?

A

Spectrin

64
Q

Types of lymphocytes

A

T cells

B cells

Natural killer cells

65
Q

Functions of Blood

A

Transport (Gases, Nutrients and waste products, and regulatory molecules)

Homeostasis (Thermoreguation)

Protection (Vascular integrity, immune cells and molecules)

66
Q

An autosomal dominant disorder causes defects in the cytoskeleton due to defective self-association of _________ subunits binding to __________, ___________ and _____________.

A

Spectrin; anykrin; protein 4.1; glycoporin

67
Q

What is the role of heparin?

A

Inhibits blood clottin

68
Q

What is thalassemia?

A

Defective synthesis of alpha or beta chains of the normal hemoglobin tetramer

69
Q

The most abundant protein responsible for blood osmolarity and viscosity

A

Albumin

70
Q

Capacity of a stem cell to regenerate itself

A

Self renewal

71
Q

__________ are primary granules that are largely ______________ but also contain microbicidal agents like _____________

A

Azurophilic granules; lysosomes; myeloperoxidase

72
Q

In which cell type is the nucleus extruded, is the cell size small, and eters peropheral blood?

A

Reticulocyte

73
Q

In which cell type is protein synthesis complete (no or little basophilia), gene expression silenced (condensed chromatin), no mitosis, nucleus may be off center?

A

Orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast)

74
Q

Which structures make up platelets?

A

Glycogen

Mitochondria

Granules

Cytoskeleton

75
Q

Role of B-Lymphocytes

A

Production of immunoglobulins (antibodies)

76
Q

Which leukocytes fall under the category of Granulocytes?

A

Neutrophil

Eosinophil

Basophil

77
Q

Platelets are under the control of the glycoprotein ______________ produced in the __________ and _____________.

A

thrompopoietin; kidney; liver

78
Q

Which cell tupe has active rRNA and ribosome synthesis( nucleoli visible), active gene expression (euchromatin in nucleus), secretory pathway inactive (no cytoplasmic granules)?

A

Proerythroblast

79
Q

There is a shutdown of blood production in the _________ as we age.

A

Limbs

80
Q

What is the role of Secondary granules?

A

Secrete inflammatory mediators in response to inflammation

81
Q

What is the main cause of eosinphilia?

A

Intestinal parasites

82
Q

In which cell type is protein synthesis mostly complete (less basophilia) and gene expression minimal (more heterochromatin)?

A

Polychromatophilic erythroblast

83
Q

During allergic reactions, eosinophils counteract the action of __________ by releasing _________. Eosinophils help to remove __________ complexes.

A

basophils; anti-histamine; antigen-antibody

84
Q

Where did granulocytes originate?

A

In the myeloid tissue in the red bone marrow

85
Q

What accounts for the metachromic staining property of basophils?

A

The proteoglycans, found in the cytoplasmic granules, which are composed of sulfated glycosaminoglycans like to a protein core

86
Q

_____________ anemia characterized by larger than normal RBCs. __________ anemic characterized by smaller than normal RBCs.

A

Macrocytic; microcytic

87
Q

4 major proteins that make up the cell membrane of RBCs

A

Actin

Spectrin

Protein 4.1

Ankyrin

88
Q

What is an aggregation of platelets called?

A

Central granulomere

89
Q

The amount of RBCs is largely __________- dependent. What disease can be attributed to this?

A

Hormone.

Heart disease in men

90
Q

Both B and T cells once activated form ______________

A

Long-lived memory cells

91
Q

What is the hemocrit?

A

The percentage of RBCs in the blood

92
Q

Undifferented cell producing cells of multiple lineages, limited self renewal

A

Multipotent HSC

93
Q

The ___________ wall contains larger numbers of Eosinophils than the blood stream.

A

Intestinal wall

94
Q

What proteins are found in the specific granules that contain a crystalloid body?

A

An arginine- rich protein

Major basic protein

Eosinophil peroxidase

Eosinophil cationic protein

Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin

95
Q

What are the formed elements?

A

Buffy coat

Erythrocytes

96
Q

What is the most abundant component of plasma?

A

Water

97
Q

Which type of granule is found in all granulocytes?

A

Azurophilic

98
Q

The nonclotted component of blood is called ____________

A

Serum

99
Q

During infections, basophils secrete _________, _________, and _________.

A

Histamine; heparan sulfate; leukotrienes

100
Q

Which cells make up the last stage of the RBC cycle?

A

Reticulocytes

101
Q

Which type of leukocyte participates in triggering bronchial asthma?

A

Eosinophils

102
Q

Undifferentiated cell capable of producing cells of one lineage, colony forming units (CFUs)

A

Committed progenitor

103
Q

Aged RBCs are phagocytosed by machrophages in the _______ and __________

A

Liver; spleen

104
Q

Types of regulatory T cells

A

helper T cells

Suppressor T cells

105
Q

Undifferentiated cell producing blood cells of all lineages are capable of self renewal

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

106
Q

What are the major functions of platelets?

A

Formation of plugs to occlude damaged vascular sites by adhering to collagenous tissue which is later replaced by fibrin

They promote clot formation by providing a surface to assemble coagulation protein complexes for thrombin generation

Platelets secrete factors involved in repair

Molecules and Cells (Unit 1) (48 decks)

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