Global governance

Question 1

4What is global governance ?

Answer 1

This refers to the idea of cooperation between independent nation states which is in line with the Westphalia system .
- Suggesting that it protects sovereignty

Question 2

What is global governement?

Answer 2

This is the idea that there is no higher authority - this also suggests that there is an end to state sovereignty

Question 3

Why do nation states join IGOS ?

Answer 3

Because it is in there best interests specifically if they cannot solve issues themselves

• Realists would suggest that igos are are used in order for nation states to gain power and is a plot of there own selfishness
• Liberals would argue that igos embody ideas on cooperation and peace that enable states to work together for mutual benefit for example the UN

Question 4

Can IGO’S be classed as ineffective ?

Answer 4

• Yes they can be classed as ineffective because of sovereignty and there isn’t any compulsion without force in the Westphalia system

Question 5

What is the tragedy of the commons ?

Answer 5

This is the idea that if there is a common resource there is a common problem due to state sovereignty states cannot be forced

Question 6

What are the functions of Igos? Name some for example

Answer 6

• To enable nation states to cooperate

Question 7

Since 1991 has there been a growth of global governance ?

Answer 7

Yes because:

• Smaller states are starting to desire more power - relists would suggest this demonstrates there increased selfishness and greed of nation states
• There has been an increase in globalisation which has lead to more common problems that need common solutions i.e Covid-19
• Environmental concerns i.e which need global environmental solutions
• Increased in shared problems ie antibiotic resistance
• The need for shared standards because there has been an increase in trade
• Increased dominance of liberal democracies and democratic ideas
• seeking alternative ways of doing things
• Decline of the significance of the Westphalia system , states feel that one way things can be done it through igos and cooperation

Question 8

What is an IGO

Answer 8

An intergovernmental organisation composed of sovereign states

Question 9

What is the definition of an NGO

Answer 9

Non governmental organisation,

Question 10

What are some of the main types of global governance ?

Answer 10

• Environmental
• Political ( UN , NATO ETC)
• Economic - IMF ,WTO ETC

Question 11

What is the orgin and development of the UN ?

Answer 11

The UN was established by 51 countries after the second world war in 1945 in October which has now expanded to 193 countries.

-Each member state that signs up to its 1945 charter which outline its principles

Question 12

What are the purposes of article 1 of the 1945 charter ?

Answer 12

Article 1 have 4 purposes which include:

1. To maintain international peace and security
2. To develop friendly relations among nations
3. To achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic , social and cultural or humanitarian character
4. To be a centre for harmonising the actions of nations in the attainment of the common ends

Question 13

Why is the 1945 charter of the UN significant ?

Answer 13

Because it has enabled the nation states to to maintain international peace and security, promote social progress and better standards of life, strengthen international law, and promote the expansion of human rights.

Question 14

What is the purpose of article 2

Answer 14

There are two main principles

1. The organisation is based on the principle of sovereign equality for all its members
2. Nothing is presented in the charter that authorises the UN to intervene in matter that are within the domestic jurisdiction of the state

Question 15

What is the role of the UN

Answer 15

• During the cold war the role of the UN was constrained to classical peace keeping because of the ability of the USA and USSR to use a veto in the security council
• However the role of the UN has changed in order to tackle new threats to global security after the cold war such as:
  •Civil war and the collapse of order within states, UN missions involve implementing complex peace agreements , stabilising security , re organising the military and police and building democratic institutions example sierra Leone 1999-2005

• Political and economic and social conditions between states including poverty , inequality , humanitarian

Question 16

What are some issues with global governance?

Answer 16

• No compulsion because states are sovereign because of the nature of the westphalian system. This shows why NATO is weak
• Lacks legitimacy and democracy- example the IMF they are not made to be democratic
• Unfair power disruption this is because all states are not equal and do not have the ability to veto ie nato america have more power than iceland. Overall nato is dominated by the USA . Therefore not fair in practice

Question 17

Examine the differences between intergovernmentalism and supranationalism.

Question 18

Examine why global governance is so controversial.

Answer 18

Because it is a threat to sovereignty according to realists

Question 19

What are some counter arguments against the idea that igos are effective ?

Answer 19

• Due to the state centred nation of the westphalian system it means that igos are supposed to share and enhance state interest whilst maintaining a degree of sovereignty
• There cannot truly be compliance in the westphalian system which suggests that organisations are weak

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Question 20

What is meant by intergovernmental ?

Answer 20

This is a cooperative approach between government states where decisions are based on consensus and unanimity

Question 21

What is meant by supranationalism ?

Answer 21

• Decisions are often binding on states and there are elements of compulsion
• Potential loss of sovereignty - however there is an option to leave
  example the EU

Question 22

How is the EU seen as supranational ?

Answer 22

• Because decisions can be binding specifically the EC and ECJ