Global Development Flashcards
What is economic development?
An increase in a country’s wealth.
What is social development?
A number of changes that impacts the population’s lives.
What is political development?
Improvements in political stability or freedom for the people choosing the government.
What is cultural development?
Improvements in cultural relations and rights.
What factors contribute to the human development of a country?
Technological improvements.
Economic improvements.
An inprovement in food and water security.
Social improvements.
Cultural improvements.
What is the primary sector?
Extractive industries like fishing or farming.
What is the secondary sector?
Manufacturing industries.
What is the tertiary sector?
Service industries and jobs like teaching or nursing.
What is the quarternary sector?
Financial services and telecommunications.
What is a development gap?
The difference between wealthy and poor areas of the world.
What is a north-south divide?
A difference in development and wealth in different geographical locations.
What is total GDP?
The total value of goods and services produced in a country in a year.
What is human development index? (HDI)
A comparative measure of different aspects of life between countries or regions.
What are measures of inequality?
These are ways of measuring inequality/equality in a country.
What is the Corruptions Perceptions Index?
The perceived corruption in governments and the public sector.
It is perceived as corruption is hidden and not easily quantifiable.
What is gross national income?
The value of all the goods and services produced in a country during a year.
What is a mineral?
A solid, naturally occuring non-living substance.
What are fossil fuels?
A naturally occuring fuel like coal, oil or natural gas formed by the remains of dead organisms over millions of years.
What is tectonic activity?
The movement of tectonic plates around the Earth.
What are spacial variations?
Differences in something on the Earth’s surface.
What physical variations have led to variations in global development?
Climate - some areas have higher average rainfall and temperature to support life.
Natural resources - some areas have more than others, increasing the amount of trade a country can trade.
Landlocked countries - they do not have sea access, thus trade is infrequent and the economy develops slowly.
Natural hazards - Floods, tectonic activity and droughts occuring more frequently prevents rapid development.
What are the historic reasons for variations in development?
Some countries colonised areas which provided resources for the mother country, taking resources from the colony.
Trading partnerships have allowed certain countries to develop quickly.
Politically stable countries develop more quickly as they do not have to spend money fighting insurgency or other factions.
What economic reasons for variations in development are there?
World trade - developing countries sell primary products to developed countries. These get manufactured. Manufactured goods generate more profit making the developed world richer.
Infrastructure - Countries infrastructure allows for industry to develop faster.
Foreign investment - This can improve infrastructure, allowing development to occur at a faster rate.
What physical factors have led to uneven development in the UK?
The south is flatter.
The south and east have a better climate
The midlands and North have more natural resources
The south and east are closer to trading partners.
What historical factors have led to uneven development in the UK?
The seat of government is in the south
Most ships from the colonies sailed into the south
What economic factors have led to uneven development in the UK?
Infrastructure is greater in the south
Foreign investment is higher in south cities like London.
What is employment structure?
The numbers of people employed in each sector of industry.
What are the impacts of uneven development on quality of life?
Access to housing is low
Food and water security is low in some places
Unemployment may be high
Healthcare may be too expensive for some
Literacy rates may be low in areas
Technology may not be widespread
What types of international aid are there?
Bilateral aid
Multilateral aid
Official and voluntary aid
Voluntary aid
Inter-governmental agreements
What is bilateral aid?
Aid given from one government to another, only two countries are involved.
What is multilateral aid?
When developed countries give money to international organisations like the World Bank.
What is official and voluntary aid?
When governments provide money that charities can bid for to develop aid projects.
What is voluntary aid?
Money raised from donations and charities, from organisations like OXFAM.
What are inter-governmental agreements for aid?
Where developed countries agree to provide aif for developing countries.
What are advantages of top-down projects?
The country develops faster due to the size of projects.
It is more likely to achieve its aims.
It is sometimes the only way to gather funds for projects.
It is a way of helping urban populations.
What are the limitations of top-down projects?
The country will go into debt
The debt may allow other countries to hold leverage over them.
The end product is expensive to maintain.
Much building work is done by machines, so jobs aren’t created.
Locals have little to no say.
What are the advantages of bottom-up projects?
It is likely to achieve aims as it is run by locals.
The end product is cheaper to maintain.
It is a way of helping the rural poor.
Local people decide.
Appropriate technology is used.
What are the limitations of bottom-up projects?
The country will develop less slowly
It doesn’t help most people as it is localised.
