Challenge 3 Flashcards
What are the approaches examined in challenge 3?
Approaches to conservation and development of UK national parks
Approaches to managing river and coastal UK flood risk
What are the aims of National parks?
To protect and enhance the natural beauty and wildlife.
To promote the understanding and enjoyment of the parks.
To foster the social and economic well-being of the communities living in the National Parks.
To promote sustainable management.
What pressures are there on National parks?
Control of pollution.
Maintaining recreational facilities.
Maintaining community services.
Supplementing the local community.
Managing quarries, housing, farming, water supply.
Matching the demand for attractive facilitie and services.
Ensuring public enjoyment of the park.
How is the New Forest being sustainably managed?
New trees planted to replace those cut down
Tree felling controlled
Work restricted between April and August to not disturb birds
Pesticide use limited
Sustainable transport schemes
Landowners funded to plant native trees
Awareness raised by National Park Association.
Careful management by NPA.
Green Leaf Tourism Scheme - local products used.
Which physical factors contribute to flooding?
Excessive, prolonged rainfall
Saturated soil
Local relative rise in sea level
Melting of snow
Frozen soil
Impermeable rock
Steep gradient
High drainage density
Which human factors contribute to flooding?
River management
Deforestation
Urbanisation
What types of management strategy are there?
Hard engineering
Soft engineering
What has the environmental agency introduced to prevent excessive damage from flooding?
They have a flood warning system that displays on mobile devices, warning people of flood risks.
What types of hard engineering are there?
Dams
Levees
River straightening
Concrete sides
What are the pros and cons of dams?
Pros
Prevent water from moving into an area
Very visible, helps reassure public
Very stable
Can be used to store water in a reservoir and used for drinking to reduce scarcity
Cons
Could lead to a lack of water downstream
Could burst, having devastating consequences downstream.
What are the pros and cons of levees?
Pros
Don’t cost that much
Prevent overflow
Not very disrupting
Cons
Not as effective as some water makes it over
Sometimes visually unappealing
What are the pros and cons of straightening the river?
Pros
Reduces friction with bank
Increases velocity, moving water away from floodplains quickly
Cons
Expensive
May remove habitat
What are the pros and cons of concrete sides?
Pros
Prevent water from eroding banks
Visible - preventing people from feeling unsafe
Resistant
Cons
Expensive
Hard to install
Need to be maintained
May be visually unappealing
What are the pros and cons of afforestation?
Pros
Holds soil together, more water absorbed
Takes in CO2 - reducing greenhouse effect
Doesn’t disrupt landscape much
Cons
Need maintenance
Could fall into river, blocking the channel
Requires fertiliser that could lead to algal bloom in the river.
What are the pros and cons of washland areas?
Pros
Doesn’t disrupt natural processes in the area
Useful for preventing erosion downstream
Cheap
Reduce runoff
Cons
Does not prevent erosion in certain areas
Sacrifices some areas that could be valuable
What are the pros and cons of land use zoning?
Pros
Cheap
Doesn’t interfere with natural processes
Protects important infrastructure
Cons
Prevents use of certain fields for sport or leisure at certain times during the year.
What are the pros and cons of sea walls?
Pros
Visible
Prevent erosion by absorbing wave energy
Very strong
Durable
Cons
Not visually appealing
Need repairs
Expensive
What are the pros and cons of gabions?
Pros
Absorb wave energy
Very durable
Long lasting
Cons
Not visually appealing
Disrupts coastal processes
Reduce tourism
What are the pros and cons of managed retreat?
Pros
Doesn’t interupt natural processes.
Cheap
Not visually unappealing
Doesn’t prevent erosion and deposition
Cons
Doesn’t do enough to protect the area in question
Loses areas potentially high in tourism
Potential loss of housing
What are the pros and cons of beach nourishment?
Pros
Helps prevent a loss of the beach
Not visually disruptive
Maintains tourism
Doesn’t interfere with natural processes
Cons
Not effective at preventing erosion
Could lead to loss of housing or key industry
Not as effective as hard engineering.
What types of soft engineering are there?
Sea walls
Gabions/rip rap
Managed retreat
Beach nourishment
Who are National Parks owned by? Who funds them?
They are owned by farmers and private landowners.
They are funded by the government.
Give 3 examples of National Parks in the UK
Brecon Beacons
Exmoor
Dartmoor
What do the Environment Agency do?
They monitor weather and provide short and long term warning systems.
They help recover from extreme weather events.
What is an example of an area affected by river flooding?
The Somerset Levels, where low-lying areas are prone to flooding.
In Winter 2013-14, 70000 hectares of land was flooded.
