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Alimentary System > GIT Pathology > Flashcards

GIT Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the small bowel?

A

Approx. 6m

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2
Q

What are the three divisions of the small bowel?

A

Duodenum, jejunum and ileum

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3
Q

Which parts of the small bowel are retroperitoneal?

A

1st and 2nd part of the duodenum

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4
Q

What finger like projections line the small intestine?

A

Villi

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5
Q

What are villi covered in?

A

Microvilli

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6
Q

Why are villi covered in microvilli?

A

To increase SA

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7
Q

What is the function of goblet cells?

A

To secret mucous

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8
Q

What type of epithelium lines the small intestine?

A

Simple squamous

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9
Q

Why is rarity of cancer in the small intestine so surprising?

A

Because the cells renew ever 4-6 days meaning there is alot of opportunity for mutation

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10
Q

What is the colon divided into?

A 
Caecum 
Ascending 
Transverse 
Descending 
Sigmoid
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11
Q

How is the colon peritonised?

A 
Caecum 
Ascending - retro
Transverse - intra
Descending - retro 
Sigmoid
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12
Q

Is the rectum in the peritoneal cavity?

A

No it is out with

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13
Q

What are the 2 flexures of the colon?

A

Hepatic and splenic

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14
Q

Where is ischaemia common in the colon?

A

In the splenic flexure

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15
Q

Does the colon have villi?

A

No

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16
Q

Is cancer of the colon common?

A

Yes

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17
Q

What is the main cause of IBD?

A

Idiopathic

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18
Q

What is IBD?

A

Chronic inflammatory conditions resulting from inappropriate and persistent activation of the mucosal immune system driven by the presence of normal intraluminal flora

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19
Q

Is there a single causative organism for IBD?

A

No

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20
Q

What are the 2 main diseases in IBD?

A

Ulcerative colitis

Crohn’s Disease

21
Q

Where can CD affect?

A

Anywhere from mouth to anus

22
Q

Where does UC affect?

A

Only the colon

23
Q

Which gene mutation is associated with CD?

A

NOD2

24
Q

When does UC peak?

A

20-30

70-80 yrs

25
Q

Can UC be localised to the rectum?

A

Yes

26
Q

How does UC spread?

A

Proximally

27
Q

What are some histological features of UC?

A

Inflammation of mucosa
Crypt abscesses
No granulomas

28
Q

Does CD affect more F or M?

A

F

29
Q

Does CD have granulomas?

A

Yes

30
Q

What is a potential side affect of CD in the small intestine?

A

Malabsorption

31
Q

Which IBD demonstrates skip lesions?

A

CD

32
Q

Where does ulceration take place in CD?

A

Deep

33
Q

Where does ulceration take place in UC?

A

Superficially

34
Q

Which vessels are occluded in ischaemic enteritis?

A

Coeliac
SMA
IMA

35
Q

What are the consequences of sudden major vessel occlusion?

A

Transmural injury
Acute/chronic hypoperfusion
Mucosa +/_ submucosal injury

36
Q

What causes radiation colitis

A

Abdominal irradiation inflammation of your small and/or large intestine from radiation treatments in your stomach, sexual organs, or rectum.

37
Q

Which type of radiation typically causes radiation colitis?

A

Rectum-pelvic radiotherapy

38
Q

Which cells are targeted during radiation?

A

Actively dividing cells

39
Q

What are the symptoms of radiation colitis?

A

Anorexia
Abdominal cramps
Diarrhoea
Malabsorption

40
Q

What is the histological features of radiation colitis?

A 
Later arterial stenosis 
Ulceration 
Necrosis 
Haemorrhage 
Perforation
41
Q

How big are the appendix?

A

6-7cm

42
Q

What type of organ is the appendix?

A

Lymphoid tissue ogran

43
Q

What are the features of high grade colon dysplasia?

A

Carcinoma in situ
Crowded
Very irregular
not yet invasive

44
Q

What are the features of low grade colon dysplasia?

A

Increased nucleus no.
Increased nucleus size
Reduced mucin

45
Q

What is the most common type of Colorectal cancer/

A

Adenocarcinomas

46
Q

What are the risk factors for colorectal cancers?

A 
Lifestyle
FH
IBD 
UC and CD 
Genetics 
FAP 
HNPCC
47
Q

What are the common symptoms of left sided colorectal cancers?

A

Bleeding
Altered bowel habit
Obstruction

48
Q

What are the common symptoms of right sided bowel cancer?

A

Anaemia
Vague pain
Weakness
Obstruction

49
Q

Which classification is used to stage colorectal cancers?

A

TNM

Alimentary System (29 decks)

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