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Alimentary System > Colorectal Cancer > Flashcards

Colorectal Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Is colorectal cancer more common in the colon or rectum?

A

Colon

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2
Q

What are the risk factors for CRC?

A 
Age
Male 
Previous adenoma 
Diet/obesity 
lack of exercise 
smoking 
DM
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3
Q

What is the significance of colorectal polyps?

A

Majority of CRC arise from pre-existing polyps

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4
Q

What is the highest risk type of Colorectal polyp?

A

Adenomas

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5
Q

What are adenomas

A

Pre-malignant, benign polyps

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6
Q

What are the 3 main histological types of adenomas?

A

Tubular
Villous
Tubulovillous

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7
Q

What are the clinical presentations of CRC?

A 
Rectal bleeding
Altered bowel habit 
Iron deficiency 
Palpable rectal or right lower abdominal mass 
Weight loss 
Anorexia
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8
Q

What are the investigations for suspected CRC?

A

Colonoscopy
Biopsy
Barium swallowing
FOBT

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9
Q

What is the main technique/investigation used for staging CRC?

A

CT
MRI
PET

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10
Q

What 2 systems are used to stage CRC?

A

TNM

Duke Classification

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11
Q

In TNM what does T mean?

A

The size, position and type of tumour

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12
Q

In TNM what does N stand for?

A

Lymph node involvement

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13
Q

In TNM what does M mean?

A

Any metastases?

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14
Q

In Dukes Classification what does A mean?

A

Tumour is confined to the mucosa

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15
Q

In Duke classification what does B mean?

A

Tumour has extended through mucosa to muscle layer

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16
Q

In Dukes Classification what does C mean?

A

There is involvement of lymph nodes

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17
Q

In Dukes Classification what does D mean?

A

There is metastatic spread

18
Q

What is the treatment for CRC?

A

Surgery

19
Q

Can metastasis to the liver be treated in CRC?

A

Yes with partial hepatectomy

20
Q

When removing the CRC why are lymph nodes also removed?

A

For histological analysis and staging of the CRC

21
Q

Apart from surgery which other treatment is given for CRC?

A

Chemotherapy

22
Q

Why is chemotherapy given as well as surgery?

A

To mop up any micro metastases

23
Q

Who is radiotherapy given to?

A

Those with rectal cancer only

24
Q

What is general advice given to prevent CRC?

A

30 mins exercise a day
Maintain healthy BMI (between 18-25)
Don’t smoke
Balance diet

25
Q

Which age group receives the bowel screening programme?

A

50-75

26
Q

How often is the bowel screening programme offered?

A

Every 2 years

27
Q

What does the screening programme look for?

A

Blood in stool sample

28
Q

If blood is detected in the sample what is the next stage?

A

Invited for colonosocopy

29
Q

Who are considered at high risk of developing CRC?

A

Familial history of CRC
IBD
Previous CRC
Previous adenomas

30
Q

How often are those with first degree familial history of CRC invited for colonoscopy?

A

5 yearly

31
Q

How often are those with IBD invited for colonoscopy?

A

10 yearly

32
Q

How often are those with previous CRC history invited for colonoscopy?

A

5 yearly

33
Q

How often are those with previous adenomas invited for colonoscopy?

A

Dependant on number of polyps, size, degree of dysplasia

34
Q

What is FAP?

A

Autosomal dominant condition

35
Q

What will happen if FAP gene is left untreated?

A

Nearly everyone with the gene will have CRC by the 30-40 years

36
Q

How often are those with the FAP gene screened?

A

Yearly

37
Q

If you carry the FAP gene are develop polyps what is the treatment>

A

Prophylactic proctocolectomy

38
Q

What is HNPCC?

A

Autosomal dominant conditino

39
Q

What does the HNPCC affect??

A

Mutations that affect DNA repairment

40
Q

Which side of the colon is often affected in HNPCC?

A

Right side

41
Q

When is screening offered with those with HNPCC?

A

Biannually from the age of 25

Alimentary System (29 decks)

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