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Alimentary System > Anatomy of Alimentary System > Flashcards

Anatomy of Alimentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?

A

RU
RL
LU
LL

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2
Q

What are the 2 lines used to divide the abdomen into 4 quadrants?

A

Transumbilical

Median

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3
Q

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?

A 
Right and left hypochondriac 
Epigastric 
Umbilical 
Hypogastric 
Left and right lumbar 
Left and right inguinal
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4
Q

What are the 3 horizontal muscles of the anterior abdominal wall exterior to interior?

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis

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5
Q

What is the innervation of the anterior wall muscles?

A

Anterior rami of T7-T11

L1

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6
Q

What is the vertical muscle of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Rectus abdominis

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7
Q

Where do the rectus abdominis lie above the umbilicus?

A

With the internal oblique enveloping it

Being anterior and posterior to it

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8
Q

Where does the rectus abdominis lie below the umbilicus?

A

With the internal oblique muscle lying completely anterior to it

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9
Q

What is the action of the rectus abdominis on the trunk?

A

Flexes the trunk

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10
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

Strong sheet like aponeurosis of the:
External
Internal oblique
Transversus Abdominis

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11
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Flat, broad, thin tendon

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12
Q

At what vertebral level is the umbilicus?

A

L3/L4

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13
Q

Which dermatome does the umbilicus lie?

A

T10

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14
Q

Which dermatome do the nipples lie?

A

T4

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15
Q

What are the 4 layers of the gut wall?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa/Adventitia

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16
Q

What are the 3 layers of the mucosa?

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa

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17
Q

What are the 2 layers of muscle in the muscularis externa?

A

Inner Circular

Outer Longitudinal

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18
Q

What epithelium is found in the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous

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19
Q

What epithelium lines the stomach, small and large intestine?

A

Simple columnar

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20
Q

What finger like structure is found in the small intestine?

A

Villi

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21
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the peritoneum?

A

Parietal

Visceral

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22
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

Potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum

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23
Q

What are the 2 sacs of the peritoneal cavity ?

A

Greater sac

Lesser sac

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24
Q

Though which passage do the greater and lesser sac communicate?

A

Epiploic foramen

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25
Q

What is meant by retroperitoneal?

A

When the organ is only covered by peritoneum on the anterior surface

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26
Q

What is meant by intraperitoneal?

A

When the organ is completely covered in peritoneum

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27
Q

What is present in the peritoneal cavity?

A

Peritoneal fluid

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28
Q

Which layer of the peritoneum is more sensitive to pain?

A

Parietal

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29
Q

What are the attachments of the lesser omentum?

A

Lesser curvature of the stomach

Liver

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30
Q

What are the attachments of the greater omentum?

A

Greater curvature of the stomach

Transverse colon

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31
Q

What are the 3 major muscles of the posterioir abdominal wall?

A

Psoas major
Iliacus
Quadratus Lumborium

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32
Q

What is the main artery and vein of the abdomen?

A

Abdominal Aorta

IVC

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33
Q

What are the 3 major openings of the diaphragm?

A

IVC
Aorta
Oesophagus

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34
Q

What is the level of the IVC opening at the diaphragm?

A

T8

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35
Q

What is the level of the oesophageal opening at the diaphragm?

A

T10

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36
Q

What is the level of the aortic opening at the diaphragm?

A

T12

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37
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the aorta?

A

Celiac trunk
SMA
IMA

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38
Q

At which vertebral level does the aorta divide into the 2 common iliac arteries?

A

L4

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39
Q

How is the inferior vena cava formed in the abdomen?

A

Joining of left and right common iliac veins

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40
Q

At which vertebral level does the celiac trunk branch off?

A

T12

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41
Q

At which vertebral level does the SMA branch off?

A

L1

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42
Q

At which vertebral level does the IMA branch off?

A

L3

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43
Q

Which artery supplies the foregut?

A

Celiac artery

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44
Q

Which artery supplies the midgut?

A

SMA

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45
Q

Which artery supplies the hind gut?

A

IMA

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46
Q

Give a midgut structure that is not part of the gut tube

A

Appendix

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47
Q

What is a portal system?

A

Any system of blood vessels which has a capillary system at each level

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48
Q

Which veins drain the IMV?

A

Splenic vein

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49
Q

Which 2 veins form the hepatic portal vein?

A

SMV

Splenic vein

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50
Q

Which vein drains the stomach?

A

Gastric vein

51
Q

Which vein drains the pancreas?

A

Splenic vein

52
Q

what are the 4 sites of portocaval anastomosis in the body?

A

Distal oesophagus
Paraumbilical
Upper end of anal canal
Bare area of the liver

53
Q

What is the clinical significance of the portocaval anastomosis?

A

To provide alternative routes of circulation when there is a blockage in the liver or portal vein

54
Q

What is the origin of the vagus nerve?

A

Medulla

CN X

55
Q

Which nerves provide sympathetic supply to the gut?

A

Splanchnic nerves

56
Q

Which nerve is the main supply of parasympathetic innervation to the gut?

A

Vagus nerve

57
Q

What is the effect of vagotomy on gastric secretion?

A

Reduces as cuts of parasympathetic supply

58
Q

What is the chief difference in the arrangement of ganglia in the sympathetic and para system?

A

Para - ganglia closer to the organ

Sympa - ganglia closer to the spinal cord

59
Q

Why does the right kidney lie slightly lower than the left kidney?

A

Due to the presence of the liver

60
Q

What are the 3 structures at the hilum of the kidney?

A

Renal artery
Renal Vein
Ureter

61
Q

How are the kidneys peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

62
Q

What is the arrangement anterior to posterior for the hilum of the kidney?

A

Renal vein
Renal artery
Ureter

63
Q

What is the anatomical location of the suprarenal gland?

A

Superior to the kidney

64
Q

What type of gland is the suprarenal gland?

A

Endocrine gland

65
Q

What is the term used to describe the expanded upper part of the ureter?

A

Renal pelvis

66
Q

Give an organ found in the right hypochondriac region

A

Gall bladder

67
Q

Give an organ found in the epigastric region

A

Stomach

68
Q

Give an organ found in the left hypochondriac region

A

Spleen

69
Q

Give an organ found in the right lumbar region?

A

Right kidney

70
Q

Give an organ found in the umbilical region

A

SI

Pancrease

71
Q

Give an organ found in the right iliac fossa?

A

Appendix

72
Q

Give an organ found in the hypogastric region

A

Bladder

SI

73
Q

Give an organ found in the left iliac fossa

A

Descending Colon

74
Q

What is the innervation of the anterior abdominal walls muscles

A

T7-T12

+/- L1

75
Q

Which peritoneum lines the organ?

A

Visceral

76
Q

Which peritoneum surrounds the body wall?

A

Parietal

77
Q

What is contained in the peritoneal space?

A

Peritoneal fluid

78
Q

How is the pancreas peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

79
Q

What are the retroperitoneal organs?

A 
Suprarenal glands
Aorta/IVC 
Duodenum 
Pancreas
Ureters
Colon - ascending and descending 
Kidneys
EOesophagus 
Rectum
80
Q

How many layers or peritoneum does the greater omentum consist of?

A

4

81
Q

How many layers does the lesser omentum consist of?

A

2

82
Q

Which dermatomes supply the arm?

A

C5-T1

83
Q

What clear histological feature is seen in SI?

A

Villi

84
Q

What epithelium lines the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium

85
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the fore, mid and hind gut?

A

Fore - celiac group of LN
Mid - Superior mesenteric LN
Hind - inferior mesenteric LN

86
Q

What is the most common location of the appendix?

A

Retro-caecal

87
Q

Which 2 structures open into the caecum cavity?

A

Terminal ileum

Appendix

88
Q

What is the peritonisation of the rectum?

A

Intraperitoneal

89
Q

Which blood vessels supply the rectum?

A

Superior and middle and inferiro rectal artery

90
Q

Which blood vessels drain the rectum?

A

Superior and middle and inferior rectal veins

91
Q

In which abdominal region is the caecum located?

A

Right iliac fossa/inguinal

92
Q

Which part of the autonomic NS stimulations decrease the secretion and motility of the intestine and act as a vasoconstrictor?

A

Sympathetic

93
Q

Are circular fold greater in the jejunim or ileum and why?

A

Jejunum large tall and closely packed because where most absorption happens

94
Q

How is the duodenum mainly peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

95
Q

How are the jejunum and ileum peritonised?

A

Intraperitoneal

96
Q

What is the effect of vagal stimulation on the pylorus?

A

Relaxes it

97
Q

What is the effect of vagal stimulation on gastric secretion?

A

Increases it

98
Q

What forms the rugae in the stomach?

A

Gastric mucosa

99
Q

Which sphincter controls the discharge of food from the stomach to the duodenum?

A

Pyloric

100
Q

Which layer is thickened to make the pyloric sphincter?

A

Circular layer from muscularis externa

101
Q

What are the 2 curvatures of the stomach?

A

Lesser and greater

102
Q

Name 2 organs present in right hypochondriac region?

A

Liver

GB

103
Q

Which dermatome overlies umbilicus?

A

T10

104
Q

What is the surface marking of the gall bladder?

A

Tip of 9th right costal cartilage

Mid -clavicular line

105
Q

Which layer of peritoneum is pain sensitive?

A

Parietal

106
Q

Which dermatmoe lies over the nipples?

A

T4

107
Q

Name a structure that passes through the oesophageal opening?

A

Vagus nerve

108
Q

Where does the CN X originate?

A

Medulla

109
Q

Which artery and vein supply the abdomnial oesophagus?

A

Left gastric artery

Left gastric vein

110
Q

What does the coeliac trunk bifurcate into?

A

Common hepatic artery
Left gastric artery
Splenic artery

111
Q

What is the surface marking of McBurney’s point?

A

right side of the abdomen that is one-third of the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus (navel)

112
Q

What does the pectinate line divide?

A

Upper1/3 and lower 2/3 of the anal canal

113
Q

what is the epithelium below and above the pectinate line?

A

Above - simple columnar

Below - stratified squamous

114
Q

What secretory cells are present in the stomach?

A

Pariertal cells
Chief cell
Mucous neck cells

115
Q

Where in the GIT do glands extend into the submucosa?

A

Oesophagus

116
Q

Give examples of structures that pass through the pyloric plane?

A 
Kidney hilum 
Pancrease neck 
Sphincter of oddi 
Hilum of spleen 
9th costal cartilage
Fundus GB
117
Q

Which vertebral level is the transpyloric plane at?

A

L1

118
Q

Which organ is the tail of the pancreas closely related to?

A

Spleen

119
Q

How is the spleen peritonised?

A

Intra

120
Q

Give functions of the spleen?

A

Storage of RBC
Filtering of blood
Immunological created WBC

121
Q

What are the 2 major and minor lobes of liver?

A

Major- right and left

Minor - caudate and quadrate

122
Q

What is the round ligament of the liver a remenant of?

A

Left umbilical vein

123
Q

Which ribs are related to the spleen?

A

9th 10th 11th left ribs

Alimentary System (29 decks)

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