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Alimentary System > Common Conditions of the Eye > Flashcards

Common Conditions of the Eye Flashcards

1
Q

In embryology where do optic vesicles grow outwards from?

A

Diencephalic part of the neural tube towards the ectoderm

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2
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

Thin vascular membrane that covers inner surface of eyelids and loops back over the sclera

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3
Q

Does he conjunctiva cover the cornea?

A

No

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4
Q

What causes conjunctivitis?

A

Bacterial or viral infection

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of conjunctivitis?

A

Red watering eyes

discharge and no loss of vision

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6
Q

What is the treatment for conjunctivitis?

A

AB drops if likely to be bacterial cause

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7
Q

If there is visual loss in conjunctivitis what could have happened?

A

Infection progression to the cornea

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8
Q

What causes an external stye?

A

Blockage of sebaceous gland that side with the eyelashes

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9
Q

What causes an internal stye?

A

Blockage and infection of the meibomian glands

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10
Q

What is the treatment for a stye?

A

Warm compress

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11
Q

What causes ptosis?

A

Usually due to dystrophy of CN III paralysis

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12
Q

What might cause the inability to close the eyelid?

A

Paralysis of CN VII which controls orbicularis oculi

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13
Q

Why is closing the eyelid bad?

A

Cause the cornea will dry out causing lesions

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14
Q

What can you do if your eyelid wont shut?

A

Tape it

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15
Q

What do corneal pathologies commonly lead to?

A

Opacification of the cornea

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16
Q

What can cause inflammation of the cornea?

A

Viral bacterial or fungal infection

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17
Q

What are the features of corneal dystrophies?

A
  1. Bilateral
  2. Opacifying
  3. Non – inflammatory
  4. Mostly genetically determined.
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18
Q

What is the clinical presentation of corneal dystrophies?

A

1st-4th decade

Decreased vision

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19
Q

Why is the avascularity of the cornea a benefit to surgeons when performing a graft?

A

As there is no blood
No chance of foreign antigens being recognised
less chance of graft rejection

20
Q

What is the most common cause of blindness?

A

Cataract

21
Q

Why does cataract develop?

A

o Older fibres are never shed – compacted in the middle
o The older fibres are never shed
o No blood supply to lens, which depends entirely on diffusion for nutrition
o Absorbs harmful UV rays preventing them from damaging the retina but in the process gets damaged themselves
- Helpful to the retina
- But damaging to the lens
o Damaged lens fibres
- leading to opacity opaque
- CATARACT

22
Q

What is the treatment for cataract?

A

o Eye drops do not treat cataract
o Surgery
o - day case

23
Q

What causes glaucoma?

A

Improper drainage of AH through the right path causing increased IOP

24
Q

What are the 2 types of gluacoma?

A

Open angle

Angle closure

25
Q

Describe open angle glaucoma?

A
  • Drainage system is affected
  • Develops gradually
  • IOP pressure increases gradually
26
Q

Describe angle closure glaucoma

A

Rapid or sudden increase in IOP

27
Q

What is the consequences of increased IOP?

A

Pressure on nerve fibres on surface of retina
Die out
Visual field defects

28
Q

How does the optic disc appears in glaucoma?

A

Unhealthy
Pale
Cupped

29
Q

What are the triad signs of glaucoma?

A

Raised IOP
Visual field defects
Optic disc changes on ophthalmoscopy

30
Q

How is POAG managed?

A 
Eye drops to decrease IOP o	Prostaglandin analogues
o	Beta-blockers
o	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
o	Laser trabeculoplasty
Trabeculetomy surgery
31
Q

What are the symptoms of Angle closure glaucoma?

A

o Sudden onset, painful, vision lost/ blurred; headaches (often confused with migraine)
o O/E – Red eye, cornea often opaque as raised IOP drives fluid into cornea
o AC shallow, and angle is closed.
o Pupil mid-dilated
o IOP severely raised
o Long sightedness

32
Q

Why does the angle close in angle closure glaucoma?

A

Functional block in a small eye
Mild dilated pupil -> periphery of iris crowds around angle and outflow is obstructed
Iris sticks to pupillary border which prevents reaching AC
Leads to iris ballooning anteriorly and obstructing angle

33
Q

How is acute angle closure G managed?

A
  1. Decrease IOP
    o IV infusion with or without oral therapy – carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide)
    o Analgesics, antiemetics
    o Constrictor eye drops – pilocarpine
    o If no contraindication beta-blocker drops such as timolol
    o Steroid eye drops (dexamethasone)
  2. Iridotomy (laser) - both eyes - to bypass blockage
34
Q

What is the difference in blockage mechanism in open angle and angle closure G?

A

¥ In open angle glaucoma the drainage through the trabecular meshwork is blocked (in most cases)
¥ In angle closure glaucoma, some event on a predisposed eye leads to the peripheral iris blocking the angle, therefore aqueous can’t drain.

35
Q

Describe IOP changes in angle closure and open angle G?

A

Open angle -gradual, painless build up of intraocular pressure (IOP).
AC - increase in IOP is sudden leading to a red eye and severe pain

36
Q

What are the types of uveitis?

A

Anterior U
Intermediate U
Posterior U

37
Q

Describe posterior Uveitis?

A

The choroid is inflamed

Inflammation frequently spreads to the retina causing blurred vision

38
Q

Describe intermediate uveitis?

A

Ciliary body is inflamed and leaks cells and proteins

Leads to hazy vitreous

39
Q

Describe anterior uveitis?

A

inflamed anterior uvea (iris) leaks plasma and white blood cells into the aqueous humor
Eye is red, painful with vision loss

40
Q

What an cause uveitis?

A

Can be an isolated illness
Non-infectious autoimmune causes
Infection
Associated with systemic diseases e.g ankylosing spondylosis

41
Q

o Previously well 23 year old female
o A&E with 2 hour history of blurred vision and red swollen eye
o O/E: red, painful no eye movement
o Progresses within an hour to complete loss of vision
o History elicited of having squeezed a pimple near her less nasolabial fold 3 days prior
o What might have happened?

A
  • pimple – infection spread through emissary veins – spread to cavernous sinus which has become infected and preventing normal drainage from the orbit
42
Q

When sclera is seen from above what does this suggegst?

A

There is a pathology

43
Q

What is a blow out fracture ?

A

traumatic deformity of the orbital floor or medial wall, typically resulting from impact of a blunt object larger than the orbital aperture, or eye socket.

44
Q

The left eye will not abduct what is the problem?

A

Paralysis of left lateral rectus

CN III

45
Q

Male

His right eye will only abduct?

A

CN III palsy

46
Q

Which CN innervates the SO?

A

CN IV

Alimentary System (29 decks)

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