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Giddens 47 (Evidence) Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical experience and expert opinion can be considered as evidence. These forms of evidence are usually given ____ merit because of their _____ nature.

A

less, subjective

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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2
Q

_________ has been defined as “the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of theory-derived, research-based information in making decisions about care delivery to individuals or groups of patients and in consideration of individual needs and preferences.”

A

Evidence-based nursing

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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3
Q

Discovery of evidence is often referred to as “_____” research when discovery is on a molecular or cellular level

A

bench

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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4
Q

Moving bench evidence to studying its application in clinical practice is known as ______ research.

A

translational

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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5
Q

Major attributes of evidence include:

A

replicability, reliability, and validity

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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6
Q

The attribute of evidence, ______, is defined as “Evidence is built on research findings. Findings can only be verified if they can be repeated. If other researchers are unable to achieve the same results using the same methodology as the original study, the evidence presented by that study is called into question.”

A

Replicability

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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7
Q

The attribute of evidence, _______ , is defined as “Evidence must also be consistently and accurately measured.2 Even clinical experience, as a form of evidence, must demonstrate that the same treatment applied to similar patients over time leads to similar outcomes.

A

Reliability

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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8
Q

The attribute of evidence, _____, for evidence to be valid, it must successfully measure what the study set out to measure. For example, a test designed to measure intelligence may actually be measuring the subjects’ ability to remember a fact, and so is not a valid measure of intellect.

A

Validity

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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9
Q

What is the Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice Model and Guidelines?

A

Systematic method for applying evidence in the clinical, research, and educational settings.

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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10
Q

Which model of evidence-based practice is defined as: “Systematic method for applying evidence in the clinical, research, and educational settings.”

A

Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice Model and Guidelines

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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11
Q

What does “PET” stand for?

A

Practice question
Evidence
Translation

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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12
Q

What three common barriers does the Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice Model and Guidelines?

A

L-O-T
- Lack of knowledge
- Overwhelming amounts of
information
- Time constraints

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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13
Q

Lack of knowledge, overwhelming amounts of information, and time constraints are three common barriers addressed by what model of evidence-based practice?

A

Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice Model and Guidelines

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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14
Q

Which model of evidence-based practice takes a broader and more institutional approach to implementing EBP?

A

The Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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15
Q

The flowchart of the Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice starts with either of ____ types of triggers:

A

Problem focused or knowledge focused

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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16
Q

Problem focused or knowledge focused triggers are initiated by events such as:

A

clinical problems, accrediting agency requirements, organization, or national initiatives, or new evidence from literature

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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17
Q

Clinical problems, accrediting agency requirements, organization, or national initiatives, or new evidence from literature can initiate what two types of triggers in the Iowa flowchart?

A

Problem focused or knowledge focused triggers

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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18
Q

What are the major attributes of evidence?

A

Replicability, reliability, and validity

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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19
Q

Replicability, reliability, and validity are ____ attributes of evidence?

A

Major

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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20
Q

What are the minor attributes of evidence?

A

Publicly available, understandable, and useable.

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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21
Q

Publicly available, understandable, and useable are ____ attributes of evidence.

A

Minor

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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22
Q

Evidence create from research studies presents in ____ major ways:

A

Primary and secondary literature

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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23
Q

_____ constitutes original research studies on which the _____ is created

A

Primary literature, secondary literature.

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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24
Q

What are the broad types of primary literature that represent research studies that are the building blocks of evidence.

A

Quantitative and qualitative research

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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25
Q

_________ are considered the “gold standard” for quantitative research

A

Randomized controlled double-blind studies

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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26
Q

Randomized controlled double-blind studies are considered the _______ for quantitative research

A

“gold standard”

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

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27
Q

Randomized controlled double-blind studies are considered the “gold standard” for ________

A

quantitative research

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

28
Q

Examples of ______ study methods are ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and case study.

A

qualitative

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

29
Q

Examples of qualitative study methods are

A

ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and case study.

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

30
Q

ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and case study are examples of

A

qualitative study methods

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

31
Q

_____ feature both quantitative and qualitative approaches.

A

Mixed methods research

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

32
Q

Mixed methods research feature:

A

Both quantitative and qualitative approaches

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

33
Q

What are the categories of secondary literature

A

are evidence summaries, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and practice guidelines.

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

34
Q

Evidence summaries, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and practice guidelines are categories of what?

A

Secondary literature

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

35
Q

When measuring the quality of research studies, what does GRADE stand for?

A

Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation.

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

36
Q

The US Preventative Services Task Force has a grading of evidence using:

A

A, B, C, D, and I

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

37
Q

Define Grade A evidence

A

There is high certainty that the net benefit is substantial.

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

38
Q

Define Grade B evidence

A

There is high certainty that the net
benefit is moderate or there is moderate certainty that the net benefit is moderate to substantial.

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

39
Q

Define Grade C evidence

A

There is moderate certainty that the net benefit is small. There may be considerations that support providing the intervention for an individual patient depending on individual preferences and circumstances, but not for the general population.

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

40
Q

Define Grade D evidence

A

There is moderate or high certainty that the intervention has no net benefit or that the harms outweigh the benefits.

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

41
Q

Define Grade I evidence

A

The current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of the service. Evidence is lacking, of poor quality, or conflicting, and the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined.

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

42
Q

A familiar model for QI projects is

A

PDSA (Plan, Do, Study, Act)

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

43
Q

the PDSA (Plan, Do, Study, Act) is a model for

A

QI projects

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

44
Q

For nurses, being a consumer of the evidence generally assumes two forms:

A

(1) practice policies and procedures and
(2) finding solutions to practice
problems.

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

45
Q

Nurses should use available evidence to systematically approach a question of patient care. The steps are outlined as follows:

A
  1. Develop an answerable question.
  2. Search the literature to uncover evidence to answer the question.
  3. Evaluate the evidence found.
  4. Apply the evidence to the practice situation.
  5. Evaluate the outcome.

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

46
Q

When developing an answerable question, two types of questions should be considered:

A

Background and foreground

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

47
Q

_______ questions address issues of a more specific nature, such as “Is drug x more effective than drug y in treating scleroderma?”

A

Foreground

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

48
Q

______ questions are best answered by searching primary literature.

A

Foreground

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

49
Q

_______ questions are those that provide foundational knowledge.

A

Background

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

50
Q

____ questions can most easily be answered by a textbook, review article, or a reputable website.

A

Background

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

51
Q

PICO stands for

A

Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

52
Q

PICO is helpful in designing an answerable ______ question.

A

Foreground.

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

53
Q

Step 1 of Finding Solutions to Practice Questions or Problems is:

A
  1. Develop an answerable question.

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

54
Q

Step 2 of Finding Solutions to Practice Questions or Problems is:

A
  1. Search the literature to uncover evidence to answer the question.

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

55
Q

Step 3 of Finding Solutions to Practice Questions or Problems is:

A
  1. Evaluate the evidence found.

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

56
Q

Step 4 of Finding Solutions to Practice Questions or Problems is:

A
  1. Apply the evidence to the practice situation.

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

57
Q

Step 5 of Finding Solutions to Practice Questions or Problems is:

A
  1. Evaluate the outcome.

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

58
Q

______ are considered the gold standard for evidence related to therapies

A

Double-blinded randomized controlled trials

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

59
Q

Why are double-blinded randomized controlled trials considered the gold standard for evidence?

A

Represent the least amount of design bias.

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

60
Q

_______ are studies of a group of people over a specified period of time

A

Longitudinal studies

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

61
Q

This type of study has historically been used by anthropologists to study cultural groups, such as indigenous peoples

A

Ethnography

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

62
Q

What is ethnogaphy?

A

A type of study has historically been u

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)sed by anthropologists to study cultural groups, such as indigenous peoples

63
Q

________ are recommendations for clinicians on the current best practices for treatment

A

Practice guidelines

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

64
Q

What are practice guidelines?

A

Recommendations for clinicians on the current best practices for treatment

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

65
Q

Opinion is at the opposite end of the spectrum of reliability from double-blind randomized controlled trials, due to the inherent bias is ______

A

Expert opinion

(Giddens 47 Evidence, notes)

66
Q
A

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