Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clin Med > GI: general terms + exams > Flashcards

GI: general terms + exams Flashcards

1
Q

esophagus connects ___ to ____?

A

hypopharynx to stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where is esophagus located

A

posterior mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

esophageal pain can be caused by? (4)

A
  • inflam
  • infection
  • dysmotility–condition in which muscles of the digestive system do not work as they should
  • neoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

key functional impairment disorders are? (2)

A

swallowing disorders
and
excessive gastroesophageal reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

list some important hx findings indicative of esophageal disease

***what are the major ones

A 
wt gain or loss 
gastrointestinal bleeding 
dietary habits: timing of meals, smoking, etoh 
MAJOR s/s are: 
1. heartburn 
2. regurgiation 
3. CP 
4. dysphagia 
5. odynophagia 
6. globus sensation--is a persistent sensation of a lump in the throat.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pyrosis

A

heartburn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

another term for heartburn

A

pyrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the MC esophageal symp

A

pyrosis—heartburn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

define heartburn

  • arises from?
  • radiates?
  • MC felt when?
  • relieved with?
A
  • discomfort or burning sensation behind the sternum
  • arises from epigastrum
  • can radiate toward neck
  • MC experienced after eating, during exercise and/or lying recumbent (lying down)
  • relieved with drinking water or antacid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

is regurgiation the same as heartburn?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define regurgitation

*what can provoke it?

A

effortless return of food or fluid into the pharynx w/o N/V

  • PT reports sour or burning fluid in throat or mouth
  • increasing intrabdom pressure provokes it: bending, belching, etc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

rumination

A

when recently swallowed food is regurgitated and then reswallowed repetitively up to one hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

explain esophageal CP

  • sensation?
  • radiation?
A

pressure type of sensation in mid chest

radiates to mid-back, arms, jaws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why is cardiac and esoph CP similar?

A

they share a nerve plexus +

nerve endings in esophageal wall have poor ability to discriminate different stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

MCC of esophageal CP?

A

GERD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

esophageal dysphagia

  • described as?
  • imp to distinguish?
A

desc as food sticking or lodging in chest

-imp to distinguish dysphagia with solids vs liquids, episodic vs constant and progressive vs static

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dysphagia with liquids AND solids suggest?

A

motility disorder

EX: achalasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

dysphagia with only solid food suggestive of? (3)

A

stricture
ring
tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

define odynophagia

A

pain either caused by or exacerbated by swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

odynophagia is more common with?

A

pill or infectious esophagitis

rather than reflux esophagitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

odynophagia + GERD suggestive of? (2)

A

esoph ulcer
or
extensive erosions

22
Q

globus sensation

  • define
  • relieved with?
A

perception of a lump or fullness in throat

  • felt regardless of swallowing
  • often relieved with swallowing
23
Q

globus sensation often assoc with?

A

GERD

24
Q

water brash

A

vagal reflex triggers excessive salivation

*acidification of esophogus triggers the vagal reflex

25
Q

odynophagia suggestive of? (3)

A

defect in mucosal lintegrity
inflammation
infection

26
Q

aphagia

  • define
  • sugg of?
A

inability to swallow

sugg of acute obstruction

27
Q

dysphagia arises from disorders in what three anatomic phases of swallowing?

A
  1. oral/preparatory–chewing, making food bolus
  2. pharyngeal phase
  3. Esophageal phase
28
Q

pharyngeal phase of swallowing involved with which anatomical structures

A

oropharynx
larynx
Upper esophageal sphincter (UES)

29
Q

esophageal phase of swallowing involved with with anatomical structures?

A

esophageal body
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
gastroesophageal junction (GEJ)

30
Q

what is the hallmark symptom of motility disorder

A

dysphagia

31
Q

define peristalsis

A

muscles behind food bolus contract– squeezes bolus forward–muscles ahead of the food bolus relax–allowing bolus to advance w/o resistance

32
Q

what makes lower esophageal sphincter relax and open?

A

arrival of food bolus towards end of esophagus increases pressure— signals muscles on sphincter to relax—— food enters stomach

33
Q

three ways to “test” esophagus

A

upper endoscopy
esophagram
esophageal manometry

34
Q

upper endoscopy

  • another name?
  • proceudre
  • what is seen?
  • good for?
  • not helpful for ??
A

aka esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

  • put fiberoptic camera down into esophagus to visualize problem
  • SEE: high quality color imaging of esoph, gastric and duodenal LUMENS
  • can also do biopsies, injection catheters for delivery of drugs, balloon dilators or hemostatic devices

GOOD FOR: mucosal lesions, biopsies or interventional procedures are required (dilation, banding)

minimally invasive**

NOT GOOD FOR: looking at motion.. aka mobility disorders

35
Q

Esophagram

  • name the two types
  • what is needed with these tests?
  • Good for?
  • cons?
  • high sensitivtiy for?
A
  1. XR — still
  2. Fluoroscopy—real time/moving XR

*contrast PO is needed so it illuminates inside esophagus “BARIUM SWALLOW”

GOOD FOR: function and morphology: strictures, compression and altered anatomy: reflux, hiatal hernias, mucosal granulairty, erosions, ulcerations, strictures

high sensitiity for detecting strictures vs endoscopy
CON:
-not good for looking at mucosa
-not fully diagnostic and PT will eventually need endoscopy—even if the esophagram study is negative …why???? because next step would be to obtain biopsies, provide tx, or clarify any abnormal findings in case of + exam OR to add certainty to a - exam

36
Q

two types of contrast used for esophagrams

A

barium

gastrografin

37
Q

what is the most useful test for evaluation of proximal gasotrintestinal tract

A

endoscopy

38
Q

list advantages of endoscopy vs barium esophgram

list the disadvantages

A

ADV

  1. increased sensitivity for detection of mucosal lesions
  2. increased sensitivity for detection of abnormalities like Barretts esophagus or vascular lesions
  3. ability to obtain biopsies
  4. ability to dilate strictures DURING exam

DISADV

  1. expensive
  2. low sensitivity for detection of non-focal esophageal strictures
  3. sedatives or anesthetics are req
39
Q

esophageal manometry

  • aka?
  • what are high pressure zones?
  • where do u see peristaltic conractions
  • indications
A

aka motility testing

  • pressure-sensing catheter put in esophagus— contractility seen following test swallows
  • *UES and LES are high pressure zones—– they relax on swallowing
  • *Intersphincteric esophagus exhibits peristaltic contractions

INDS: diagnose motility disorders: achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm, and assess peristaltic integrity prior to surgery for GERD

40
Q

oral phase dysphagia more problematic with fluids or solid?

A

fluids

41
Q

manifests as chewing problems, oral stasis of food, inability to form bolus, and coughing, choking or aspirational pneumonia
*which phase of dysphagia

A

oral phase

42
Q

explain oral phase dysphagia

A

manifests as chewing problems, oral stasis of food, inability to form bolus, and coughing, choking or aspirational pneumonia
*which phase of dysphagia

43
Q

oropharyngeal phase dysphagia localized to?

A

throat

44
Q

many attempts to clear throat of food or saliva is associated with which phase dysphagia

A

oropharyngeal phase dysphagia

45
Q

common s/s for oropharyngeal phase dysphagia

A

dysarthria

dysphonia

46
Q

define dysarthria

A

is a motor speech disorder in which the muscles that are used to produce speech are damaged, paralyzed, or weakened. The person with dysarthria cannot control their tongue or voice box and may slur words. There are strategies to improve communication

47
Q

define dysphonia

A

diff in speaking due to difficulty in speaking due to a physical disorder of the mouth, tongue, throat, or vocal cords.

48
Q

how are the different dysphagias usually diagnosed?

A

esophogram–fluroro exam— real time imaging

49
Q

strokes and other neuro disorders can cause what kind of dysphagia

A

oropharyngeal phase dysphagia

50
Q

what muscle is located at the junction of the pharynx (throat) and esophagus

A

cricopharyngeus muscle aka UES

51
Q

what muscle is the major muscular component of the UES

A

cricopharyngeus muscle

Clin Med (52 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions