GI bacteria III Flashcards
What are the characteristics of vibrio spp.?
- Gram negative 2. Facultative anaerobe 3. Comma shaped 4. Broad temperature and pH range 5. Require sodium for growth
Which cholera serotype is toxin-producing?
O1
What are the properties of the current cholera pandemic serotype (El Tor)?
- Less severe disease (1 symptomatic to 30-100 asymptomatic) 2. Duration of carriage longer than classic strain 3. Survives better in environment
What is the pathogenesis of vibrio cholerae?
- Toxin co-regulated pilus (TCP) mediates adherence to intestinal epithelial cells 2. Cholera toxin
What are the properties of the cholera toxin?
- AB toxin 2. Activates adenylate cyclase - increases cAMP production 3. No significant cell damage 4. Similar to ETEC LT toxin in structure and function 5. Encoded on a prophage
What are the symptoms of vibro parahaemolyticus?
Explosive watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, low grade fever
What is the virulence for vibrio parahaemolyticus?
Kanagawa hemolysin - induces chloride secretion thus watery diarrhea
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is associated with what food?
Raw shellfish
Yersinia enterocolitica is what kind of bacterium?
Gram negative coccobacilli
What is the pathogenesis of yersinia enterocolitica?
- Binds to and invades M cells in terminal ileum 2. T3SS and injection of Yops 3. Produces heat stable enterotoxin
What are the characteristics of clostridium difficile?
- Gram positive anaerobe 2. Spore forming (important part of life cycle) 3. Non-invasive 4. Inflammatory 5. Associated with CDAD, pseudomembrane colitis, and fulminant colitis with toxic megacolon
What is the pathogenesis of clostridium difficile?
AB toxin causes damage to mucosa and host cell cytoskeleton
What is the treatment for clostridium difficile?
Vancomycin or metronidazole
What should be considered in a patient who has diarrhea and is on short or long term BSAs?
Clostridium difficile
What are the characteristics of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)?
- Gram negative 2. Facultative anaerobe 3. Animal reservoirs - cattle, ruminants 4. Generally non-invasive
What is the disease progression for enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)?
- Hemorrhagic colitis - bloody diarrhea 2. No fever 3. Abdominal tenderness 4. Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) - anemia and kidney failure 5. Similar to EPEC
What is the pathogenesis of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)?
- Attaching and effacing lesion like EPEC 2. Shiga-like toxin (verotoxin) blocks translation by cleaving part of 60S ribosomal subunit
How is hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by the EHEC shiga-like toxin?
- Shiga-like toxin binds kidney receptor, is internalized 2. Kidney cell death and ischemic damage from thrombi lead to kidney failure
What is the diagnosis for enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)?
- Bloody diarrhea WITHOUT fever 2. Culture 3. PCR for stx gene that encodes toxin
Why is antibiotic therapy not indicated for enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)?
- Shiga toxin is coded on a lysogenic phage 2. When phage detects damage, replicates its genome
What are the characteristics of shigella spp.?
- Gram negative rods 2. Facultative anaerobes 3. Intracellular pathogens 4. Very acid tolerant 5. Inflammatory 6. Dysentery
What is the epidemiology of shigella spp.?
- Humans are only reservoir 2. Fecal-oral 3. Extremely low infectious dose (
What are the clinical manifestations of shigellosis?
- 1-3 days post infection 2. Usually self limiting 2-5 days post infection 3. Generally strain specific
What is the pathogenesis of shigella spp.?
- Acid resistant 2. Adhere selectively to and pass through M cells - T3SS 3. Phagocytosis by macrophages 4. Rapid escape from phagosome 5. Rapid induction of macrophage apoptosis
