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Year 1 Microbiology > Bacterial zoonoses I > Flashcards

Bacterial zoonoses I Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the gram stain for bacillus anthracis?

A

Gram positive

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2
Q

What is the shape of bacillus anthracis?

A

Rod

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3
Q

Is bacillus anthracis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

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4
Q

Does bacillus anthracis form spore?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What is the appearance of bacillus anthracis in culture?

A

Long chains / pairs / single cells with “boxcar” ends

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6
Q

If you collect a sample from a patient with bacillus anthracis, will you see spores?

A

Probably not

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7
Q

What is the main virulence factor for bacillus anthracis?

A

Protein capsule made of poly-D-glutamate

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8
Q

What are the two toxins produced by bacillus anthracis?

A

Lethal toxin and edema toxin

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9
Q

What is the role of lethal toxin?

A

Disrupts normal cellular signaling events leading to cell death, inflammation, and tissue damage

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10
Q

What is the role of edema toxin?

A

Activates adenylate cyclase, leading to increased cAMP levels, ion/water efflux, and edema

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11
Q

What is the role of protective antigen in bacillus anthracis infection?

A
  1. Acts like the B subunit of an A-B toxin; binds lethal and edema factors to form toxins then facilitates internalization of toxins 2. Binds to each factor to form the toxins
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12
Q

What is the pathogenesis of bacillus anthracis?

A
  1. Spores are inoculated, ingested, or inhaled 2. Spores germinate into vegetative cells that produce toxin
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13
Q

What are the features of a lesion caused by cutaneous anthrax?

A

Small red painless papule that evolves into an vesicle then a necrotic ulcer with black center (eschar)

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of (second stage) inhalation anthrax?

A

Fever, drenching sweats, extreme dyspnea, cyanosis, lymphadenopathy, shock, death

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15
Q

What is the treatment for cutaneous anthrax?

A

Amoxicillin

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16
Q

What is the treatment for inhalation anthrax?

A

Doxycycline, ciprofloxacin + 2 other Abx

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17
Q

What is the gram stain for brucella?

A

Gram negative

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18
Q

What is the shape of brucella?

A

Coccobacillus

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19
Q

What is the pathogenesis of brucella?

A

Intracellular pathogens - survive within phagosomes of macrophages and monocytes

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20
Q

What is the transmission for brucellosis?

A

Aerosol or ingestion - contaminated food (unpasteurized milk), direct contamination with infected animal

21
Q

What is the presentation for brucellosis?

A

Acute undulating fever, joint pain, headache, drenching sweats

22
Q

What is the treatment for brucellosis?

A

6 week or longer course of a tetracycline (doxycycline) + rifampin

23
Q

What is the gram stain for pasteurella multocida?

A

Gram negative

24
Q

What is the shape of pasteurella multocida?

A

Coccobacillus

25
Q

What are the virulence factors for pasteurella multocida?

A

LPS and polysacccharide capsule (hyaluronic acid)

26
Q

In the US, how do pasteurellosis infections usually occur?

A

Following scratch or bite of a cat or dog

27
Q

What is the treatment for pasteurellosis?

A

Penicillin

28
Q

What is the gram stain for leptospira?

A

Gram negative (weakly)

29
Q

What is the shape of leptospira?

A

Spiral shaped with terminal hooks

30
Q

How is leptospira best visualized?

A

Darkfield

31
Q

What is the pathogenesis of leptospirosis?

A

Infects via cuts and mucous membrane exposure from contaminated water

32
Q

What are the two phases of leptospirosis?

A
  1. Febrile, influenza-like 2. Disseminated
33
Q

What is the treatment for leptospirosis?

A

Penicillin and ampicillin

34
Q

What is the gram stain for francisella tularensis?

A

Gram negative

35
Q

What is the shape of francisella tularensis?

A

Coccobacillus

36
Q

What is the pathogenesis of francisell tularensis?

A

Intracellular pathogen of monocytes and macrophages - prevents phagolysosome fusion and acidification

37
Q

What is crucial for resolution of tularemia infection?

A

CMI (macrophage activation)

38
Q

What are the virulence factors for francisella tularensis?

A

Intracellular pathogen, polysaccharide capsule (strongest), LPS

39
Q

What is the vector for francisella tularensis?

A

Hard-shell ticks

40
Q

What are the three major forms of tularemia?

A

Skin, eye, lungs

41
Q

Patients with ulceroglandular tularemia will present with which symptoms?

A

Red, swollen, painful, ulcerative papule and photophobia

42
Q

What is the treatment for tularemia?

A

Gentamicin

43
Q

What is the gram stain for yersinia pestis?

A

Gram negative

44
Q

What is the shape of yersinia pestis?

A

Rod with bipolar Giemsa staining (“safety pin”)

45
Q

What stain is used for yersinia pestis?

A

Giemsa

46
Q

What are the yersinia pestis virulence factors?

A

Protein capsule, LPS, three plasmids

47
Q

The plasmids associated with yersinia pestis virulence carry what three major genes?

A

Biofilm formation, enhanced resistance to macrophage killing, resistance to complement mediated lysis

48
Q

What is the treatment for bubonic plague?

A

Streptomycin

Year 1 Microbiology (42 decks)

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