Get Ready For Bio Book Flashcards
Three learning styles
Visual, auditory, tactile
The study of life
Biology
Learner that relies on visual cues
Visual learner
Learners that learn from traditional lecture and discussion
Auditory learner
Learn best by actively participatingand doing hands on activities
Tactile learner
You should study for at least how many hours for every hour spent in class.
Two or three
When you think about the material as you are reading it you are an
Active learner
Reading often produces memorization. Active studying produces what
Understanding
SQR3
Survey Question Read Recite Review
How can you slow yourself down when taking a multiple choice or true/false test?
Cover your answers with your hand while you read the question. Look when you have an answer in your head
Results collected from experiments
Data
The internal processes of living organisms
Physiology
The answer to an equation
Product
In division the number being divided is
The dividend
The number by which it is divided is the
Divisor
In division the total is the
Quotient
In biology the term normal means
Average….
Another term for average is
Mean
Using the mean helps to minimize the error from
Individual triAls
A micrometer equals
1/1000 of a millimeter
Define coefficient in math
In scientific notation, place the decimal after the first digit and drop the zeroes
10 to the 9th
Billions
10 to the -6
Millionths
Expresses a relationship between two or more numbers
Ratio , can use a colon, a fraction or the word 2, decimals or percents
Statements of equal ratos
Proportions
If two ratios are equal, their cross products are
Equal
Metric measure of length
Meter
Metric measure of mass
Kilogram
Metric measure of volume
Liter
Metric measure of temperature
Degree of celcius
Cells are microscopic and best measured in small units called
Micrometer or 1 milionth of a meter
Metric prefixes with exponent greater than zero
Deka hecto kilo mega giga
Metric prefixes with exponent less than 0
Deci centi milli micro nano pico
Tell me about the paper clip and why it is useful
Mass 1 g
Width 1 cm
Wire diameter 1mm
When converting within metric units, put the units in scientific notTion and subtract the smaller exponent from the larger one. The difference is how many
Spaces the decimal will move in your coefficient
When converting within metric units. If you are converting from small units to larger ones, the number gets
Smaller so the decimal moves to the left.
The actual amount of something , closely related to weightbut weight takes into account the force of gravity.
Mass
Mass will be constant but weight willvary with
Gravity
Mass can be measured with a digital scale that measures in grams but often in labs we use a
Trip,e beambalance
Thr amount of space a substance occupie
Volume
The dip of fluid in a graduated cylinder is the
Meniscus read from its bottom
A pictoral view of data
GrAph
When reading a graph read the title first then
The axes, the key, and labels. Then take in relationships
Bio terms come from what language
Latin and Greek
What is an abbreviation
A shortened form of a word
What is an acronym
Word formed from key letters of each word
Define eponym
Terms that include someone’s name
The first step in learning biology
Learning the vocabulRy
Terms where the name is closely relAted to its meanin
Descriptive terms
Ology meAns
The study of
Review prefixes page 103 to 125
Review
Review singular plural p 128
Review
Before you start a chapter in biology, learn and understand
The vocabulary and how it is built
The scientific study ofthe interactions between organisms and their environment
Ecology
Explain form fits function
A parts structure reflects the job it does
Where do plant cells get the energy they use for work
From the sun
How many major categories of bacteria are there
Two
The process that results in the evolution of adaptive traits in groups of organisms
Evolution
Begins at the simplest level of structural organization and ends at the most complex
The biological hierarchy of organization: Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere
The largest and most complex level encompassing the environments thatare inhabited by life
Biosphere
The bottom three levels also a part of chemistry
Atom
Molecule
Macromolcule
The organelle and cell are covered by anither science discipline
See table 3.1 could it be cytology or cell biology
What branch of science covers the ecosystem
See table 3.1 ecology?
Study of organ, organsystem, organism
Anatomy and physiology
All matter is made up of
Chemical elements
Smallest piece of n element
Atom
Atoms unite to form
Molecules
Provide the nutrients and building materials living organisms need to stay alive and healthy and they participate in chemical reactions that do all the work performd by those organisms
Atoms
Molecules
Macromolecules
Macromolecules can unite to form complex structures called
Organelles
Crry out functions inside cells
Organelles
Contain the combination of organelles necessary to sustain life
Cells … The first level of organization that we consider to be alive
Groups of cells organized to perform a common function
Tissue
Tissues orgqnized into a larger functnal unit
Organ
Multiple organs combined
Organ systm
Localized group of organisms belonging to same species
Population
Populations of different species living in the same area
Biological community
Interactions between living organisms in a community and the nonliving features of the environment such as sunlight and water
Ecosystem
The ole is greater than the sum of its parts explains the concept of a
System
Cell, organisms and ecosystmes are all examples of systems…, true or false.
True
The lowest level of structure that has the ability to,perform all the activities necessary for life including reproduction
Cell
Single cell organism also called
Unicellular organism
Basis of reproduction, growth and repair
Ability of cells to divide to form new cells
Chemical material of gnes
Dna
Units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring
Genes
Two types of cells
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Cells lacking in internal membrnes and therefore not able to have an enclosed nucleus
Pro (before) karyotic (nucleus) they are unicellular and microscopic . One example bacteria.
Nucleus encloses the cells dna
Eu (true) karyotic (nucleus). These cells also have organelles.
Relatively constant internal environment
Homeostasis “ to stay the same”…. Maintaing the right balance of conditions within an organism
Most work done within an organism is the result of
Chemical reactions … They occur most efficiently if there is a relatively constant temperature, the right amount of water, the right amountof chemicals,
If the body cools too much, chemical reactions ill occur
More slowly
If body temperature gets too hot chemical reactions
Speedup and some chemicals may be destroyed
Living organisms are composed mostly of
Water
The mail component of human cells and blood
Water
If th body has too little water
Nutrients can not be adequately transported to your cells and wastes acculumate to toxic levels.your cells work less efficiently and die
If the body has too much water
Brain cells swell and death can occur
Both problems have a solution. Because the problems are opposite so are the solutions,.both solutions stop once theproblem is corrected … They are self limiting. This kind of control is called
Negativfeedback… Te most common control mechanism in animal physiology and th way the body maintains homeostasis
The control system by which animal bodies correct errors and restore health
Negative feedback
The ultimate purpose of our existence
Reproduction
Sum of genetic characters passed from parents to offspring
Inheritance
Inherited information in the form of what enables organisms to reproduce their own kind
Dna
The ability to do work
Energy
Energy is used by cells to
Move, grow, reproduce, ec
All the chemical reactions thattake place in a cell
Metabolism
Cells that can harness the power of the sun can perform
Photosynthesis
Solar enery convertd to the chemical energy contained in sugars
Photosynthesis
Cells that cannot perform photosynthesis use chmical energy obtained from
Photwynthetic cells
Most ecosystems are run on solar power comcertd to chemical energy y plants and
Other photosynthetic cells… Producer
Organisms that feed on plants directly or indirctly
Consumers
In the ecosystem, ener flows from sunlight to producers to consumers in the process some energy is lost as
Heat
Living is work and word requires that organisms
Obtain and use energy
Extra energy is stored in the body as
Fat
All living things reuse
Both energy and materials
Camoflage is an example of
Evolutionary adaptation
An inherited trait that helps the organisms ability to survive and reproduce in its particular environment
Adaptation
How do mantids and other organismsadapt to their environments
Variations among individuals in a population
If a particular variation is helpful, individuals with the variation may live longer and produce more offspring than those that did not have it
Natural selection
The mechanism by which evolution occurs
Natural selection
How many species identified
1.8 million identified …. Probably 10 to 200 million
Explain biodiversity
290000 plants
52000 vertebrates
1000000 insects (more than half of pwn life
Vast variety of life
Branch of biology that names and classifies species
Taxonomy
Until last decade there were how many main groups or kingdoms
Five… Plant, animal, ….dna now suggests 6 8 or more….some suggest three
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya(plantar, fungi, animalia, protists)
Two do ains with prokaryotic cells
Bacteria and archaea …. In the old system they were one
Word science means
To know
Two main scientific approaches
Discovery science and hpothesis drivenscience
The data of discovery science
Verifisble observations and measurements
What distinguishes science from belief in supernaturAl
Dependence on observations that other people can confirm
Discovery science csn lead to important conclusions based on what type of logic
Inductive reasoning
A generalization that summarizes many concurrent observations
Inductive reasoning
Comprehensive explanations supported by abundant evidence
Theories (not speculation like the way we use it in conversation)
Scientific method steps
1) make observation
2) ask a question
3) suggest an explanation or hypothesis
4) make a prediction
5) devise and perform a test
6) possibly rework hypothesis and prediction based on results of test
Key element of the method that drives most modern science
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning or hypothesis driven science
A tentative answer to some e question , an explanation on trial, an educated guess
Hypothesis
Reasoning from a set of specific observations to reach a general conclusion
Induction
Reasoning flows from general to specific
Deduction …. Usually takes the form of predictions about what outcomes of experiments we should expect
Basic unit of a chemical substance
Atom
Anything that has weight and occupies space
Matter
Three most common states of matter
Solid liquid gas
What subatomic particles interact during chemical reactions
Electrons,
Protons
Neutrons
Three common types of chemical bonds
Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen
What happens in anabolic reactions
Larger molecules are made
What is meant by organic molecule
Contains both C and H
Are proteins organic or inorganic
Organic
All matter is composed of
Elements
How many elements are recognized
110 with 90 occuring naturally on earth, dome occur in pure form (helium, neon) but must occur combined with other elements
Living organisms require about how many elements
20
By weight 95% of the human body is composed of four elements
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Each chemical is represented by a symbol typically
The first one or two letters of the elements name.
If more than one element name begins with the same letter, the most common of these elements usually gets the
Single letter symbol
Atoms are made of smaller units called
Subatomic particles
The nucleus of an atom is not a structure. True or false
True
In an atoms nucleus we find two types of relatively large subatomic particles called
Protons and neutrons - have a similar size and about the same mass.
Positively charged paricle
Protons
No electrical charge
Neutrons
Orbit around the nucleus and are in constant motion, carry a negative charge
Electrons
Nucleus always has what kind of charge
Positive
The number of negatively charged electronsorbiting the nucleus equals the umber of protons in the nucleus. True or false
True
Is an atom positive negative or neutral.
Neutral
Multiple paths that electrons travel
Orbitals
Electrons circle around the nucleus at different energy levels each of which is called a
Shell
The first shell is closest to the
Nucleus
First shell can accomodate
Two electrons
The number offotons in an individual atom of that element
Atomic number
In order for atoms to be of the same element they must have the same number of
Protons
The total mass of a single atom of that element
Atomic mass/atomic weight
Mass of one proton or one neutron
Atomic mass unit or 1u.
Number of protons plus number of neutrons equals
Atomic weight
Atoms of the same element with different weights
Isotopes
Some isotopes are rAdioactive meaning they emit certain types of
Energy
All chemical elements listed in the table
Peridic table of elements
Each square on periodoc table shows what
Atomic number, chemical symbol, atomic weight(mass)
The periodic table is organized by
Atomic number
Rows on the table are called
Periods. Each row represents a shell of electrons.
Columns on the table are called
Groups, each group represents how many electrons in outermost shell.
When two atoms come together the first part to make contact is
The outer shell
The number of protons in all atoms of a particular element is
Constant
What determines an atoms chemical reactivity
The electrons in the outermost shell
Shells can have multiple subshells. The outermost subshell is called the
Valancy shell….contains at most 2 electrons for helium or 8 for all other elements. If the outermost shell has max number of electrons, the atom is amazingly stable.
Will not easily react with other atoms
Inert….last column of table. The atoms in all other columns lack a full outer shell.
Unstable atoms gain lose or share electrons with orher unstable atoms until
They become stable
All atoms that have gained or lost electrons carry an electrical charge and are called
Ions
Ions of opposite charges
Attract each other and form ionic bonds
How does an ionic bond form
When atoms gain or lose electrons forming oppositely charged ions that are drawn together by their charges
Two atoms share electrons in their outer shells to become stable
Covalent bond (full valancy shells)
Elents closer to thesides of the table are more likely to form
Ionic bonds
Elements toward the moddle of the table more likely to form
Covalent bonds
A weak bond that can form between hydrogen atoms in one molecule and sone atoms in other molecules
Hydrogen bond
Slight charge imbalance
Polarity
Polar molecules can form
Weak hydrogen bonds
Disolves in another substance
Solute
What is Solvent
.
Sticks to surfaces well
Adhesion
Molecules stick to each other
Cohesion
A molecule on which there is an uneven charge distribution across the molecule resulting in slightly positive and slightly negative charges
Polar molecule
When two or more atoms of the same element bind they form a
Molecule of thT element
If atoms of different elements bind the substsnce is called
A compound
Tells you what a molecule is made of
Molecular formula
How many peces are in molecule
But not
How they are hooked together that would be the structural formula
Difference between molecule and compound
Molecule 2 or more atoms join, if they are from different elements the substance is a compound
All activities that occur within living organisms start with
Chemical reactions
In a chemical equayion the substance to the left of an arrow
Reactants…to th right is the product
Many reactions are reversible meaning
They can go in either direction
Three types of reactions
Synthesis, decomposition, exchange
Reactions that build
Synthesis or anabolic
Reaction in which larger structures are broken down into smaller parts
Decomposition reactions or catabolic reactions
Rewction to swap pieces , split apart and recombine in a new way
Exchange reactions
Main categories of organic compounds are
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Chemicals that do not contsin both hydrogen and carbon
Inorganic compounds
Liquid between a cells membrane and nucleus
Cytoplasm
Main difference between plant and animal cell
Plant cells have cell walls
What types of molecules make up a cell membrane
Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and some carbohydrates
Ribosome function
Build protein
Molecules that can pass easily through cell membrane
Lipid soluable molecules
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
What moves during osmosis
Water
What happens during mitosis?
The nuclear contents divide.
Study of cells
Cell biology or cytology
Who came up with the name cell
Robert hooke while studying cork
Principles of cell theory
- All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- Cells are basic structural and functional units of life
- All vital functions of an organism occur within cells
- All cells come from preexisting cells
- Cells contain hereditary info that regulates cell functions and is passed from generation to generation.
Humans have how many different cell types in our bodies
Over 200 different types
The basic structural and functional units of life
Cells
Ends with cell dividing to produce two daughter cells
The normal cell cycle
What is nucleoid
.
What are plasmids
.
All animal and plant cells are
Eukaryotic cells
A nucleoid is on,y found in
Pro karyotic cells .
Helps achieve goal of homeostasis is
Cell embrane or plasma membrane
Cell membrane made of
Phospholipid molecules with phosphate head which is hydrophilic, and fatty acid tails the reason why the molecule is a lipid. Lipids are hydrophobic.
The cell has an inside and an outside and bith contain
Water
Difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic
.
Basic structure of phospholipid bilayer
The hydrophilic phosphate heads are arranged in teo layers so they face the water in the extracellular fluid and in the cytoplasm. The hydrophobic tails are sandwiched in the middle out of contact with the water
Cell membrane is
Semi permeable
Eukaryotic cells contain
Cytoplasm and a nucleus
Liquid part of cytoplasm
Cytosol
Largest organelle
Nucleus which houses dna with thebinstructions on how to make a specific protein
All cells in an animals body contain two copies of each gene
One from each parent
Dna is organiEd into thread
Ike strands called
Chromatin that condense into rodlike structures called chromosomes
Dna determines all the proteins at can be made by any cell but
Only certain proteins are made by each tyyoe of cell
The nucleus is enclosed in a
Nuclear envelope made up of a double membrane pierced periodically by nuclear pores
Jellylike liqud inside nuclear membrane
Nucleoplasm
Tiny organelle responsible for assembling protein
Ribosome during protein synthesis uses RNA after being called by messenger mrna
Ribodomal rrna is actually made inside
The nucleud at the nucleolus
Proteins are made in the ribosome by linking together small molecules called
Amino acids
An extensive network of membranus tubes and channels inside the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum …. Connects different parts of cell and provides communication network within cell.
Stack of flattened membranous sacs used for processing packaging and shipping in cell
Golgi apparatus…chemically tags where to go
Saclike structure
Vesicle
In a eukaryotic cell where would you find ribodomes
May be free floating in the cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum
Functional relationship of parts of cell
Nucleus houses dna
Dna has instructions on how to build protein
Protein built at ribosome in nucleolus
Many ribosomes are on rough er
Protein moves into golgi
Golgi processes packages ships to destination
Cells powerhouse
Mitochondria the constant supply of energy to drive cell work
Cellular energy comes from
Food where it is stored in chemical bonds that hold food atoms together.
Specialized chemical reactions in mitochondria harness energy and store it
In a molecule called atp
Mitichondria are
Unique organelles that contain their own genetic information and can reproduce. These elongated organelles are enclosed by a double membrane similar to a nuclear membrane.
In mitochondria describe outer and inner membrane
Outer membrane is smooth but inner membrane is highly folded.
Green plants contsin unique organelles called
Chloroplasts which contain their own dna and can reproduce
Chloroplast parts
Inner membrane Outer membrane Space between membranes Stroma fluid in chloroplast Granum disks
Cells janitorial staff, small membranous bag containing strong digestive enzymes
Lysosomes break down material
Outer cell partition
Cell membrane
Inside holds cell up
Cytoskeleton
Tiny tubes in cytoskeleton
Microtubules. Thesecand microfilaments are made of proteins.
Area of the cell composed of paired cylindrical structures made of microtubules
Centrosome or central body, structures are called centrioles
Direct movement of chromosomes when a cell reproduces
Centrioles which also form part of two other structures cilia and flagella
Fringe on cell
Cilia, mobile extensions of cell, move in wavelike manner
Single long tail like extension of cell
Flagellum….humans only on sperm cell
Atoms and molecules constsntly move in a random mNner
Brownian motion … Nondirectional jiggly
Review cell organelle list
P224
Exists whenever there is a difference between concentrations of the moleculevin teo areas
Concentration gradient
Equal space between all molecules
Equilibrium
Basic type of molecular movement
Simple diffusion moving from area of higher concentration to lower concentration
Whenever there is a concentration gradient molecules will spontaneously
Move down the concentration gradient
The rate at which molecules diffuse varies under different conditions. Molecules diffuse faster when there is a greater
Concentration gradient between the two areas.
Molecules in high concentrations diffuse
Faster than those in lower concentrations.
Snaller molecules move
Faster than larger molecules.
Increwased temperature increases
Diffusion rate
Only what can diffuse directly through the cell membrane
Lipid soluble nonpolar molecules
Larger polar molecules such as glucose cannot
Diffuse through membrane as easily. Instead they are moved by a special protein carrier molecule in the cell membrane. This is facilitated diffusion.
Passive progress by which moleculesspontaneously move fromwhere they are in high concentration to where they are in low concentration
Diffusion
Special type of diffusion
Osmosis
Material that gets disolved
Solute
Material that dissolves the solute.
Solvent. Resu,t is solution.
The more concentrated the solute the less concentrated the
Solvent(water)
Molecules never stop moving even after
Reaching equilibrium
Each of your cells has two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane
Extracellular fluid outside cell and intracellular fluid inside the cell. Crll membrane is semipermeable not fully permeable
By osmosis water diffuses it moves down its concentration gradient from where it is in
Highest concentration to where it is in lower concentration
Iv fluids should have the same water concentration as intracelular fluids so that the water will be at equilibrium
Isotonic
Moving molecules against concentration gradient is called
Active transport
In active transport one way doorways in the cell membrane are called
Molecular pumps
Method by which golgi expels vesicles
Exocytosis
Cell takes in rather large objects or liquid with dissolved materials
Endocytosis
Three types of endocytosis
Phagocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis, pinocytosis
Process by which solids are moved into your cells sonetimes called cell eating
Phagocytosis
Extensions of cell membrane
Pseudopodia or false feet
Extensions fuse and form memranous sac moving inward
Phagosome
Why do lysosomes fuse with phagosome
Lysosomes contain enzymes that will break down the contents of the phagosome rendering potential threats harmless and recycking materials that are then made to the cell for reuse.
What is receptor mediated endocytosis
.
A way cells bring in liquids referred to as cell drinking
Pinocytosis
What is an endosome
.
Duration of cell cycle varies with
Cell type
Two main parts of cell cycle
I terphase and cell reproduction
Mosts cells spend majority of life cycle in
Interphase
Cell division includes two processes
Mitosis and cytokenesis
Division of nucleus
Mitosis
Four phases of mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
First phase of mitosis when chromatin condenses into rodlike structures called chromosomes
Prophase
Middle phase chromosomes align precisely in duplicated pairs along midline of cell
Metaphase
Duplicated chromosomes separate one goes to each side
Anaphase
Final phase of mitosis during which chromosomes complete their journey to opposite poles. Like a reverse prophase
Telophase
Review cell cycle
P 240
Mitosis just divides the
Nucleus or chromosomes
Process by which cytoplasm divides
Cytokinesis begins during anaphase ends at end of telophase. Original cell is gone and two new daughter cells. Are in interphase
