Chapter 7 Vocab Flashcards
Partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen
Fermentation
Catabolic pathway in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel
Aerobic Respiration
Includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes
Cellular Respiration
A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for reduction-oxidation reaction
Redox Reactions
The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction
Oxidation
The complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction
Reduction
The electron donor in a redox reaction
Reducing Agent
The electron receptor in a redox reaction
Oxidizing Agent
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as an electron carrier
NAD+
A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP
Electron Transport Chain
A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration
Glycolysis
A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidyzing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon diozide; occcurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; together with pyruvate oxidation, the second majoy stage in cellular respiration.
The Citric Acid Cycle
The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration
Oxidative Phosphorylation
The enzyme catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme
Acetyl CoA
An iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells
Cytochromes
A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases are found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes.
ATP Synthase
An energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work; such as the synthesis of ATP. Under aerobic conditions, most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.
Chemiosmosis
The potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions (H+) across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.
Protonmotive Force
Glycolysis followed by the reduction pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide
Alcohol Fermentation
Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of of carbon dioxide.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
An organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration. cannot use oxygen and may be poisoned by it
Obligate Anaerobes
An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present
Facultative Anaerobes
A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA
Beta Oxidation
