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AP Bio > Chapter 3 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Vocab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a chemical compound containing carbon

A

organic compound

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2
Q

a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction, polysaccaharides, proteins and nucleic acids are macromolecules

A

macromolecules

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3
Q

the bonding capacity of a given atom; the number of covalent bonds an atom can form usually equals the number of unpaired electrons in its outermost (valence) shell

A

valence

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4
Q

an organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

A

hydrocarbons

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5
Q

a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions

A

functional groups

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6
Q

an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells

A

adenosine triphosphate ATP

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7
Q

a long molecule consisting of similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds

A

polymer

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8
Q

the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

A

monomers

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9
Q

a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins

A

enzymes

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10
Q

a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule

A

dehydration reaction

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11
Q

a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the additon of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers

A

hydrolysis

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12
Q

a sugar (monosaccaharide) or one of its dimers (disaccaharides) or polymers (polysaccaharides)

A

carbohydrates

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13
Q

the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccaharides or polysaccaharides. Also known as simple sugars, monosaccaharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O.

A

monosaccharides

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14
Q

a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccaharides joined by glycosidic linkage formed by a hydration reaction

A

disaccharide

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15
Q

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccaharides by a dehydration reaction

A

glycosidic linkage

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16
Q

a polymer of many monosaccaharides formed by dehydration reactions

A

polysaccarides

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17
Q

a storage polysaccaharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by a glycosodic linkages

A

starch

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18
Q

an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccaharide found in the liver and muscle of animals the animal equivalent of starch

A

glycogen

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19
Q

a structural polysaccaharide

A

cellulose

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20
Q

a structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeleton of all arthropods

A

chitin

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21
Q

any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids and steroids, that mix poorly if at all with water

A

lipids

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22
Q

a lipid consisting of three fattya cids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride

A

fat

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23
Q

a carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain; fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also known as a triacylglycerol or triglyceride

A

fatty acid

24
Q

a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or triglyceride

A

triacylglycerol

25
Q

a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton

A

saturated fatty acid

26
Q

fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.

A

unsaturated fatty acid

27
Q

a lipid made up of glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head.; form bilayers that function as biological membranes

A

phospholipid

28
Q

a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones

A

cholesterol

29
Q

a chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

A

catalysts

30
Q

A chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds or dehydration reactions

A

polypeptides

31
Q

a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure

A

protein

32
Q

An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group; serve as monomers of polypeptides

A

amino acid

33
Q

the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by dehydration reaction

A

peptide bond

34
Q

a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings with various chemical groups attached

A

steroids

35
Q

the level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids

A

primary structure

36
Q

regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains).

A

secondary structure

37
Q

a coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between the atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains)

A

alpha helix

38
Q

one of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain fold back and forth. 2 regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains).

A

beta pleated sheet

39
Q

The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges

A

tertiary structure

40
Q

a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water

A

hydrophobic interaction

41
Q

a strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer

A

disulfide bridges

42
Q

the particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic 3D arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide

A

quaternary structure

43
Q

a recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotie change in the Bglbin gene causes hemoglobin to aggreagate changing red blood cell shape and causing muptiple symptoms in affected individuals

A

sickle-cell disease

44
Q

in proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming Biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Occurs under extreme (noncellular) conditions of pH, salt concentration or temperature

A

denaturation

45
Q

a technique used to study the three dimensional structure of molecules. It depends on the diffraction of an xray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule

A

xray crystallagraphy

46
Q

a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)

A

gene

47
Q

a polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. the 2 types of nucleic acid are DNA and RNA

A

nucleic acid

48
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) a double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins

A

DNA

49
Q

a type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses

A

RNA

50
Q

a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. The nucelotides can be those of DNA or RNA.

A

polynucleotides

51
Q

the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a 5 carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups

A

nucleotides

52
Q

1 of 2 types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a 6-membered ring. Cytosine (C), thymine (T) and uracil (U) are examples of these.

A

pyridimine

53
Q

1 of 2 types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a 6-membered ring fused with a 5-membered ring. Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are examples of these.

A

purines

54
Q

deoxyribose the sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having 1 of fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of the RNA nucleotide

A

deoxyribose

55
Q

the sugar component of RNA nucleotides

A

ribose

56
Q

the form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape

A

double helix

57
Q

referring to the arrangement of the sugar phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5’ to 3’ directions)

A

antiparallel

AP Bio (18 decks)

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