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AP Bio > Chapter 9 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Vocab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the reproduction of cells

A

cell division

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2
Q

an ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into 2; euakryotic cycle - interphase (including G1, S and G2 subphases) and M phase (including mitosis and cytokinesis)

A

cell cycle

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3
Q

the genetic material of an organism or a virus; the complete complement of an organism’s or virus’s genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.

A

genome

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4
Q

a cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells; each consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. (bacterial chromosome usually consists of single circular DNA molecule and associated proteins. Found in nucleoid region, which is not membrane bound)

A

chromosome

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5
Q

the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, they exist in dispersed form - mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.

A

chromatin

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6
Q

any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg of their precursors

A

somatic cell

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7
Q

a haploid reprodice cell, such as an egg or sperm; unite during sexual reproduction to produce a haploid zygote.

A

gamete

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8
Q

two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteins at the centromere and, sometimes, along the arms. While joined, 2 make up one chromosome. Eventually they are separated during mitosis or meiosis II

A

sister chromatid

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9
Q

in a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached to each other by proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences; close attachment causes a constriction in the condensed chromosome (an uncondensed, unduplicated chromosome has a single one, identified by its DNA sequence)

A

centromere

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10
Q

a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into 5 stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase; conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei,

A

mitosis

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11
Q

the division of the cytoplasm to form 2 separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I or meiosis II

A

cytokinesis

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12
Q

the phase of the cell cylcle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis

A

mitotic (M) phase

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13
Q

the period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. Cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle.

A

interphase

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14
Q

the first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins

A

G1 phase

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15
Q

the synthesis part of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which the DNA is replicated

A

S phase

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16
Q

the second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cylcle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs

A

G2 phase

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17
Q

the first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes visible with a light microscope, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears but the nucleus remains intact

A

prophase

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18
Q

the second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes

A

prometaphase

19
Q

the third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to the microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate

A

metaphase

20
Q

the fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell

A

anaphase

21
Q

the fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun

A

telophase

22
Q

the phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis.

A

mitotic spindle

23
Q

a structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells, that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division; has 2 centrioles

A

centrosome

24
Q

a radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis

A

aster

25
Q

a structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle

A

kinetochore

26
Q

an imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located

A

metaphase plate

27
Q

the process of cytokinesis in animal cells characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; the succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells

A

cleavage

28
Q

the first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate

A

cleavage furrow

29
Q

a membrane-bounded, flattened sac lopcated at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis

A

cell plate

30
Q

a method of asexual reproduction by “division in half.” IN prokaryotes - does not involve mitosis, single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process

A

binary fission

31
Q

site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides

A

origin of replication

32
Q

a control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle

A

checkpoint

33
Q

a nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly

A

G0 phase

34
Q

a cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle

A

cyclin

35
Q

a protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin

A

cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)

36
Q

maturation-promoting factor (or M-phase-promoting factor); a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase

A

MPF

37
Q

a protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and the normal development of certain types of cells. A local regulator that acts on nearby cell to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation

A

growth factor

38
Q

the phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another

A

density-dependent inhibition

39
Q

The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division

A

anchorage dependence

40
Q

the conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. A change in a genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.

A

transformation

41
Q

a mass of abnormal cells with specific genetic and cellular changes such that the cells are not capable or surviving at a new site and generally remain at the site of the tumor’s origin

A

benign tumor

42
Q

a cancerous tumor containing cells that have significant genetic and cellular changes and are capable of invading and surviving in new sites. Can impair functions of one or more organs

A

malignant tumor

43
Q

the spread of cancerous cells to locations distant from their original site

A

metstasis

AP Bio (18 decks)

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