Chapter 13 Vocab

Question 1

Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5? ? 3? directions).

Answer 1

Antiparallel

Question 2

The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.

Answer 2

Double helix

Question 3

The process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis

Answer 3

DNA replication

Question 4

1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.

Answer 4

Transformation

Question 5

A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage.

Answer 5

Bacteriophages

Question 6

A virus that infects bacteria; also called a bacteriophage

Answer 6

Phages

Question 7

An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, for some viruses, a membranous envelope.

Answer 7

Virus

Question 8

…

Answer 8

Base Pairing

Question 9

Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand.

Answer 9

Semiconservative Model

Question 10

Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.

Answer 10

Origin of replication

Question 11

A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized.

Answer 11

Replication Fork

Question 12

An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands.

Answer 12

Helicase

Question 13

Single Strand Binding Proteins

Answer 13

SSB

Question 14

A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA.

Answer 14

SSB - Single Strand Binding Proteins

Question 15

A protein that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands. During DNA replication, topoisomerase helps to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork

Answer 15

Topoisomerase

Question 16

A short stretch of RNA with a free 3’ end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication

Answer 16

Primer

Question 17

An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during RNA replication, using the parental DNA strand as a template

Answer 17

Primase

Question 18

An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA (for example at the replication fork) by the addition of nucleotides to the 3’ end of an existing chain. There are several different DNA polymerases DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I play major roles in DNA replication in E. Coli

Answer 18

DNA Polymerases

Question 19

The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5? ? 3? direction.

Answer 19

Leading strand

Question 20

A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5? ? 3? direction away from the replication fork.

Answer 20

Lagging Strand

Question 21

A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication. Many such segments are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA

Answer 21

Okazaki Fragments

Question 22

A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3’ end of one DNA fragment ( such as an okazaki fragment)

Answer 22

DNA Ligase

Question 23

The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides.

Answer 23

Mismatch Repair

Question 24

An enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides

Answer 24

Nuclease

Question 25

A repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide

Answer 25

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Question 26

The tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome’s DNA molecule. Telomeres protect the organism’s genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication.

Answer 26

Telomere

Question 27

An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells.

Answer 27

Telomerase

Question 28

A non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated.

Answer 28

Nucleoid

Question 29

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.

Answer 29

Chromatin

Question 30

Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed.

Answer 30

Heterochromatin

Question 31

The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription.

Answer 31

Euchromatin

Question 32

The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups.

Answer 32

Nucleotide