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AP Bio > Chapter 2 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Vocab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

anything that takes up space and has mass

A

matter

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2
Q

any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reaction

A

element

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3
Q

a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

A

compound

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4
Q

a chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow and reproduce

A

essential elements

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5
Q

an element indispensible for life but required in extremely minute amounts

A

trace elements

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6
Q

the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element

A

atom

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7
Q

a subatomic particle having no electrical charge (electrically neutral) with a mass of about 1.7x 10 -24 g, found in the nucleus of an atom

A

neutrons

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8
Q

a subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, with a mass of about 1.7 x 10 -24g, found in the nucleus of an atom

A

protons

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9
Q

a subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge and a mass of about 1/2000 that of a neutron or proton, One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom

A

electrons

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10
Q

An atom’s dense central core. containing protons and neutrons

A

atomic nucleus

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11
Q

a measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles; the same as the atomic mass unit, amu

A

dalton

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12
Q

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript

A

atomic number

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13
Q

the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus

A

mass number

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14
Q

the total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of 1 mole of the atom

A

atomic mass

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15
Q

one of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass

A

isotopes

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16
Q

an isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy

A

radioactive isotope

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17
Q

The capacity to cause change, especially to do work ( to move matter against an opposing force)

A

energy

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18
Q

the energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement

A

potential energy

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19
Q

an energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom

A

electron shells

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20
Q

an electron in the outer most electron shell

A

valence electrons

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21
Q

the outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom

A

valence shell

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22
Q

an attraction between two atoms resulting from sharing of outer shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells

A

chemical bonds

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23
Q

a type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons

A

covalent bond

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24
Q

a single covalent bond; the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

A

single bond

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25
Q

a double covalent bond; the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms

A

double bond

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26
Q

the bonding capacity of a given atom; the number of covalent bonds an atom can form usually equals the number of unpaired electrons in its outermost (valence) shell

A

valence

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27
Q

the attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

A

electronegativity

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28
Q

a type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity

A

nonpolar covalent bond

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29
Q

a covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. the shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.

A

polar convalent bond

30
Q

an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge

A

ion

31
Q

a positively charged ion

A

cation

32
Q

a negatively charged ion

A

anion

33
Q

a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions

A

ionic bond

34
Q

a compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called a salt

A

ionic compounds aka salts

35
Q

a type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule

A

hydrogen bond

36
Q

weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that results from the transient local partial charges

A

van der Waals interactions

37
Q

a starting material in a chemical reaction

A

reactants

38
Q

a material resulting from a chemical reaction

A

products

39
Q

in a chemical reaction, the state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction so that the relative concentrations of the reactants and products do not change with time

A

chemical equilibrium

40
Q

a molecule (such as water) with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule

A

polar molecule

41
Q

the linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds

A

cohesion

42
Q

the clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls, by means of hydrogen bonds

A

adhesion

43
Q

, a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

A

surface tension

44
Q

the energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter

A

kinetic energy

45
Q

kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules; energy on its most random form (see also heat)

A

thermal energy

46
Q

a measure in degrees of the average kinetic energy (thermal energy) of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter

A

temperature

47
Q

thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another

A

heat

48
Q

the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree c; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1 degree c. The CALORIE with a CAPITAL C usually used to indicate the energy content of food, is a kilocalorie.

A

calorie (cal)

49
Q

a thousand calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree c

A

kilocalorie (kcal)

50
Q

a unit of energy: 1 J = 0.239 cal; 1 cal = 4.184 J

A

joule (J)

51
Q

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost by 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree c

A

specific heat

52
Q

the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to gaseous state

A

heat of vaporization

53
Q

the process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state

A

evaporative cooling

54
Q

a liquid that that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

A

solution

55
Q

the dissolving agent of a solution. water is the most versatile solvent known

A

solvent

56
Q

a substance that is dissolved in a solution

A

solute

57
Q

a solution in which water is the solvent

A

aqueous solution

58
Q

the sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion

A

hydration shell

59
Q

having an affinity for water

A

hydrophilic

60
Q

having no affinity for water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water

A

hydrophobic

61
Q

the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight

A

molecular mass

62
Q

the number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro’s number of molecules

A

mole (mol)

63
Q

the common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

A

molarity

64
Q

a single proton with a charge of 1+. The dissociation of a water molecule (H2O) leads to the generation of a hydroxide ion (OH-) and a hydrogen ion (H+); in water H+, is not found alone but associates with a water molecule to form a hydronium ion

A

hydrogen ion (H+)

65
Q

a water molecule that has lost a proton OH-

A

hydroxide ion (OH-)

66
Q

a water molecule that has an extra proton bound to it

A

hydronium ion (H3O+)

67
Q

a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

A

acid

68
Q

a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

A

base

69
Q

a measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14

A

pH

70
Q

a solution that contains a weak acid and its corresponding base. A buffer minimizes changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution

A

buffer

AP Bio (18 decks)

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