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AP Bio > Chapter 11 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Vocab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

an observable heritable feature

A

character

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2
Q

any detectable variant in a genetic character

A

trait

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3
Q

referring to plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate

A

true breeding

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4
Q

the mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties

A

hybridization

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5
Q

the parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies of inheritance

A

P generation

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6
Q

the first filial, or hybrid, offspring in a series of genetic crosses

A

F1 generation

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7
Q

offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation

A

F2 generation

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8
Q

any of the alternative versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotypic traits

A

allele

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9
Q

a gene that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote

A

dominant allele

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10
Q

a gene whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote

A

recessive allele

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11
Q

states that the two alleles in a pair separate into different gametes during gamete formation

A

law of segregation

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12
Q

a diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted results of random fertilization in genetic crosses

A

Punnett square

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13
Q

having two identical alleles for a given gene

A

homozygous

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14
Q

having two different alleles for a given gene

A

heterozygous

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15
Q

the physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup

A

phenotype

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16
Q

the genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism

A

genotype

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17
Q

breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype

A

testcross

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18
Q

an organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest

A

monohybrid

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19
Q

an organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest

A

dihybrid

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20
Q

states that each pair of alleles separates independently of other pairs during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromsomes

A

law of independent assortment

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21
Q

the situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable

A

complete dominance

22
Q

the situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele

A

incomplete dominance

23
Q

the situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

A

codominance

24
Q

a human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain; results in seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years

A

Tay Sachs disease

25
Q

the ability of a single gene to have multiple effects; Ex: the multiple symptoms associated with certain hereditary diseases such as cystic fibrosis and sickle-cell disease

A

pleiotropy

26
Q

a type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited

A

epistasis

27
Q

a heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either-or fashion

A

quantitative character

28
Q

an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character; Ex: skin pigmentation in humans

A

polygenic inheritance

29
Q

the range of phenotypes produced by a single genotype, due to environmental influences

A

norm of reaction

30
Q

refers to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors

A

multifactorial

31
Q

a diagram of a family tree showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations

A

pedigree

32
Q

an individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus, with one normal allele and one recessive allele, who can pass on the recessive allele to offspring

A

carrier

33
Q

a human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated

A

cystic fibrosis

34
Q

a human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele, resulting in the substitution of a single amino acid in a globin polypeptide that is part of the hemoglobin protein; characterized by deformed red blood cells that can lead to numerous symptoms

A

sickle cell disease

35
Q

a human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele, characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms

A

Huntington’s disease

36
Q

a technique of prenatal diagnosis in which amniotic fluid, obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus, is analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus

A

amniocentesis

37
Q

a technique of prenatal diagnosis in which a small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed and analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus

A

chorionic villus sampling

38
Q

the idea that genetic material contributed “mix” together in a way that blue + yellow make green; predicts that over many generations a freely mating population would give rise to a uniform population of individuals; fails to explain how some traits reappear after skipping a generation; disproved by Gregor Mendel

A

blending hypothesis

39
Q

the pollen-producing organ of a flower

A

stamen

40
Q

the egg-bearing organ of a flower

A

carpel

41
Q

fertilization between different plants

A

cross pollination

42
Q

a specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located

A

locus

43
Q

a cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits

A

monohybrid cross

44
Q

a cross between individuals concentrating on two definable traits

A

dihybrid cross

45
Q

a rule of probability stating that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual probabilities

A

multiplication rule

46
Q

the probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities

A

addition rule

47
Q

three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait; Ex: ABO blood group in humans

A

multiple alleles

48
Q

a form of human dwarfism caused by a single dominant allele; the homozygous condition is lethal

A

achondroplasia

49
Q

an autosomal recessive hereditary condition characterized by a partial or total lack of melanin pigment, particularly in the eyes, skin, and hair

A

albinism

50
Q

the analysis of a neonate’s blood for metabolic or genetic disorders to prevent mental retardation, disability or death

A

newborn screening

AP Bio (18 decks)

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