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AP Bio > Chapter 14 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Vocab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, just RNAs

A

gene expression

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2
Q

the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template

A

transcription

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3
Q

a type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein

A

messenger RNA

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4
Q

the synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule

A

translation

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5
Q

a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

A

ribosome

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6
Q

an initial RNA transcript; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene

A

primary transcript

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7
Q

a set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains

A

triplet code

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8
Q

the DNA strand that provides the pattern for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript

A

template strand

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9
Q

a three nucleotide sequence of mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal

A

codon

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10
Q

on the mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis

A

reading frame

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11
Q

an enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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12
Q

a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place

A

<promoter

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13
Q

a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA

A

terminator

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14
Q

a region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule

A

transcription unit

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15
Q

a regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes

A

transcription factor

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16
Q

the completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to the promoter

A

transcription initiation complex

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17
Q

a DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex

A

TATA box

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18
Q

modification of RNA transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5’ and 3’ ends

A

RNA processing

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19
Q

a modified form of guanine nucleotide added onto the nucleotide at the 5’ end of a pre-mRNA molecule

A

5’ cap

20
Q

a sequence of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3’ end of a pre-mRNA molecule

A

poly A tail

21
Q

after synthesis of a eukaryotic primary RNA transcript, the removal of portions (introns) of the transcript that will not be included in the mRNA

A

RNA splicing

22
Q

a noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing

A

intron

23
Q

a sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing

A

exon

24
Q

a large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons

A

spliceosome

25
Q

an RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, catalyzing reactions during RNA splicing

A

ribozyme

26
Q

a type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns

A

alternative RNA splicing

27
Q

an independently folding part of a protein

A

domain

28
Q

an RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA

A

transfer RNA

29
Q

a nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule

A

anticodon

30
Q

flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5’ end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3’ end) of a codon

A

wobble

31
Q

the most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins makes up ribosomes

A

ribosomal RNA

32
Q

the place on a ribosome that holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain

A

A site

33
Q

the place on a ribosome that holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain

A

P site

34
Q

the place on a ribosome where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome

A

E site

35
Q

a group of several ribosomes attached to, and translating, the same messenger RNA molecule

A

polyribosome

36
Q

<p>a sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading (amino) end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles in a eukarytoic cell</p>

A

signal peptide

37
Q

a protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome and helps direct the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by binding to a receptor protein on the ER

A

signal recognition particle

38
Q

a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA, ultimately creating genetic diversity

A

mutation

39
Q

a change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair

A

point mutation

40
Q

a type of point mutation where one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides

A

base pair substitution

41
Q

a base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid

A

missense mutation

42
Q

a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein

A

nonsense mutation

43
Q

a mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene

A

insertion

44
Q

a mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene

A

deletion

45
Q

a mutation occurring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons

A

frameshift mutation

46
Q

a chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation

A

mutagen

47
Q

An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the correct tRNA.

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

AP Bio (18 decks)

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