Chapter 6 Vocab Flashcards
totality of an organism’s chemical reactions
Metabolism
releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds
Catabolic Pathways
consume energy to build complicated molecule from simpler ones
Anabolic Pathways
study of how organisms manage their energy resources
Bioenergetics
capacity to do work
Energy
possessed by anything that moves
Kinetic Energy
energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
Potential Energy
potential stored in molecules as a result of the arrangement of atoms in those molecules
Chemical Energy
study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter
Thermodynamics
energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed
1st law of thermodynamics
every energy transfer or transformation increase the entropy of the universe
2nd law of thermodynamics
measure of disorder
entropy
portion of a system’s energy that can perform work when temperature is uniform throughout the system
free energy
energy outward” net release of free energy; spontaneous
Exergonic Reaction
energy inward” absorbs free energy from surroundings; nonspontaneous
Endergonic Reaction
open system due to materials flowing in and out the product of 1 reaction becomes a reactant in the next step
Metabolic Disequilibrium
use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one
Energy Coupling
closely related to one type of nucleotide found in nucleic acids
ATP
recipient of the phosphate group when ATP releases energy
Phosphorylated
chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
Catalyst
catalytic protein
Enzyme
initial investment of energy for starting a reaction
Free energy of Activation (Activation Energy)
the reactant an enzyme acts on
substrate
restricted region of the enzyme molecule actually binds to substrate
active site
as substrate enters active site, cause enzyme to change its shape slightly so active site fits more snugly
INduced Fit
nonprotein helpers for catalytic activity, are bound tightly to active site as premanent residents OR bind loosely and reversibly along with substrate
Cofactors
cofactor is an organic molecule
Coenzyme
reduce productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites
Competitive Inhibitor
slows down enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the enzyme
Noncompetitive Inhibitor
specific receptor site of some part of the enzyme molecule remote from the active site
Allosteric Site
switching off of a metabolic pathway by its end products, which acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within pathway
Feedback Inhibition
mechanism that amplifies response of enzymes to substrates: 1 substrate molecule primes an enzyme to accept additional substrate molecules more readily
Cooperativity
a series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule to simpler molecules (catabolic pathway)
metabolic pathway
kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules; energy in its most random form
thermal energy
thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another
heat
a process that occurs without an overall input of energy; a process that is energetically favorable
spontaneous process
a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecules
enzyme substrate process
