Chapter 12 Vocab

Question 1

Partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen

Answer 1

Fermentation

Question 2

Catabolic pathway in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel

Answer 2

Aerobic Respiration

Question 3

Includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes</p>

Answer 3

Cellular Respiration

Question 4

A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for reduction-oxidation reaction

Answer 4

Redox Reactions

Question 5

The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction

Answer 5

Oxidation

Question 6

The complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction

Answer 6

Reduction

Question 7

The electron donor in a redox reaction

Answer 7

Reducing Agent

Question 8

The electron receptor in a redox reaction

Answer 8

Oxidizing Agent

Question 9

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as an electron carrier

Answer 9

NAD+

Question 10

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP

Answer 10

Electron Transport Chain

Question 11

A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration

Answer 11

Glycolysis

Question 12

A chemical cycle involving eight steps taht completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidyzing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon diozide; occcurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; together with pyruvate oxidation, the second majoy stage in cellular respiration.

Answer 12

The Citric Acid Cycle

Question 13

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration

Answer 13

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 14

The enzyme catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism

Answer 14

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 15

Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

Answer 15

Acetyl CoA

Question 16

An iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells

Answer 16

Cytochromes

Question 17

A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases are found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes.

Answer 17

ATP Synthase

Question 18

An energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work; such as the synthesis of ATP. Under aerobic conditions, most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.

Answer 18

Chemiosmosis

Question 19

The potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions (H+) across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.

Answer 19

Protonmotive Force

Question 20

Glycolysis followed by the reduction pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide

Answer 20

Alcohol Fermentation

Question 21

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of of carbon dioxide.

Answer 21

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Question 22

An organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration. cannot use oxygen and may be poisoned by it

Answer 22

Obligate Anaerobes

Question 23

An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present

Answer 23

Facultative Anaerobes

Question 24

A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA

Answer 24

Beta Oxidation