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GCSEs > Geography (paper 2) > Flashcards

Geography (paper 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Informal housing definition

A

When someone has built their house themselves usually on land they do not own.

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2
Q

Development definition

A

Improving the standard of living or quality of life

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3
Q

HDI (Human Development Index) definition

A

Score from 0-1 that incorporates life expectancy, average no. of year spent in school and GDP per capita

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4
Q

GNI per capita definition

A

The average income of a person in a country

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5
Q

unfair trade rules definition

A

when countries don’t get a fair deal for the products they import and export

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6
Q

debt interest definition

A

when countries are given a loan but have to pay back more than they borrowed

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7
Q

sweatshop definition

A

factory with poor working conditions

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8
Q

Features of bottom up development

A

Small scale, community level and the bottom benefit most

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9
Q

Features of top down development

A

Large scale, provisions from trans national companies and governments, benefits filter through from top to lower sectors

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10
Q

Demographic definition

A

People and population

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11
Q

Landlocked definition

A

A country with no coastline and is surrounded by other countries

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12
Q

Relief definition

A

Height and shape of land

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13
Q

Industrialisation meaning

A

When a country moves from a primary to secondary industry

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14
Q

Intermediate technology definition

A

Cheap, sustainable technology that is appropriate to the needs of the community

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15
Q

Economic investment definition

A

When TNCs set up factories in LICs to manufacture goods at low cost (also providing infrastructure)

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16
Q

Fair trade

A

when producers in LICs are paid a fair amount for what they grow/produce

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17
Q

Standard of living definition

A

How much income someone has to afford necessities

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18
Q

Positive multiplier effect

A

One positive change leads to another causing a positive chain reaction on quality of life

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19
Q

Nigeria population

A

196 million

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20
Q

Nigeria’s GDP

A

$397 billion

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21
Q

Benefits of industrialisation

A

more employment opportunities therefore more tax gets paid. •wider range of products produced. •reduced need for imports. •economy is diversified •foreign investment

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22
Q

Global Importance of Nigeria

A

Ranks as the 5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping missions, 12th largest producer of oil (2.7%), (oil reserves are sweet), 21st largest economy

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23
Q

Regional importance of Nigeria

A

• Has the largest farm output in Africa
• Film industry of Nollywood is the second largest in world
• largest population in Africa
• Member of the African Union (peacekeeping group)

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24
Q

Main imports in Nigeria

A

refined petroleum from EU, rice and telephones from China.

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25
Q

Sweet oil definition

A

High quality oil that contains less than 42% sulphur

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26
Q

Nigeria’s main export

A

Crude oil to India and China

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27
Q

Disposable income

A

Money someone has left over to spend after paying for basic needs

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28
Q

Development gap definition

A

Difference in levels of development between the richest and poorest counties

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29
Q

Strategies for reducing the development gap

A

Aid, debt relief, investment, industrial development, micro finance loans, fair trade, intermediate technology

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30
Q

How has tourism benefitted Jamaica?

A

• Contributed to 24% of GDP in 2014
• Generated $2 billion revenue
• Provided 200,000 employment opportunities

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31
Q

Disadvantages of tourism in Jamaica

A

• Waste accumulation
• Inequality still exists
• Development of infrastructure is delayed as airports are prioritised (some areas inaccessible)
• Overtourism in popular tourist sites

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32
Q

What is aid?

A

donation of money or goods to support development

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33
Q

Challenges facing development in Nigeria’s future

A

Inequality (70% in poverty) • sanitation provision • corruption • lack of education

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34
Q

Location and borders of Nigeria

A

Located just north of the equator • Borders Chad, Niger, Benin, Cameroon & Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean)

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35
Q

Examples of social and economic measures of development

A

Literacy rate, life expectancy, infant mortality rate, birth rate, HDI

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36
Q

What is the Demographic Transition Model?

A

Graph that shows changes in birth and death rate and how the population changes

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37
Q

Causes of uneven development

A

• Climate (drier climate = less growing crops)
• Corruption (investment in development is low)
• Colonisation (valuable resources taken)
• Conflict (money invested in military and damage repairs)
• Repaying debt
• Natural hazards (money invested in preparation and recovery)

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38
Q

Consequences of uneven development

A

Migration, inequality (in wealth and health)

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39
Q

Commodity definition

A

Raw material

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40
Q

Why does relying on commodity exports hinder development

A

They are of lower value than processed goods and their prices fluctuate inflicting instability

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41
Q

What happens in stage 2 of the DTM?

A

Birth rate remains high but the death rate rapidly decreases due to improvements in healthcare

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42
Q

Advantages of Shell in Nigeria

A

Directly employs 65 000 Nigerians • Shell makes large contributions when paying tax to the government • Workers obtain more disposable income

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43
Q

Disadvantages of TNCs in Nigeria

A

• Workers receive low wages
• Oil spills cause environmental damage and destroys ecosystems (fish)
• Money leakages occur as profit goes back to HQ
• Leads to poor quality urban growth

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44
Q

How has shell improved the quality of life in southern Nigeria?

A

• Built schools to improve literacy rate • Invested in training young people with new skills like welding • Built healthcare centres for mothers in Nigeria

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45
Q

Malaria meaning

A

A disease spread by mosquitoes

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46
Q

Why is Nets for All a successful form of aid?

A

• Households are being educated on how to use bed nets • It’s a cheap solution (Intermediate technology)

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47
Q

How does Nets for All improve the quality of life in Nigeria?

A

• 2 bed nets are provided for every household in Kano and other areas • contains insecticide to kill mosquitos

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48
Q

Multi lateral aid definition

A

Aid that comes from multiple sources

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49
Q

Post industrial economy definition

A

When tertiary and quaternary sectors dominate the economy

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50
Q

De industrialisation meaning

A

The closure of factories and the decline of the secondary industry
(therefore people lose jobs)

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51
Q

Globalisation meaning

A

When countries are increasingly becoming interconnected

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52
Q

Rural urban fringe

A

An area of land at the edge of a town/city where it meets the countryside

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53
Q

How does globalisation contribute to de industrialisation?

A

As technology develops, communication is easier to carry out therefore we are able to outsource and pay less resulting in unemployment

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54
Q

Quaternary sector

A

Research and development

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55
Q

Why is the quaternary sector growing?

A

People are receiving higher levels of education and technology is developing

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56
Q

Benefits of the quaternary sector

A

Research sector employs over 60,000 highly qualified people • estimated to contribute over £3 billion to economy • research companies pay tax increasing the GDP

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57
Q

Science park

A

A group of scientific and technical knowledge-based businesses located on a single site

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58
Q

Business park

A

Area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses

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59
Q

Transnational company

A

Large corporation that operates in multiple countries

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60
Q

What makes the location of cobalt business park ideal?

A

• built on cheaper land as it’s located on a rural urban fringe
• more space available for extension
• better access through the A1 motorway and less congestion
• businesses benefit by cooperating
• close proximity to Newcastle University where graduates are highly educated

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61
Q

Why was cobalt business park built in Newcastle?

A

The north east of England suffered from an economic decline due to deindustrialisation

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62
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

Children who die under the age of 1 per 1000 births per year

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63
Q

North-South divide

A

Difference in standard of living between North and South of Uk

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64
Q

Counter urbanisation

A

When people who live in urban areas migrate to the countryside for a better quality of life

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65
Q

How has the Uk economy changed overtime?

A

55% of the economy was dominated by the secondary sector in 1900 • 3/4 was dominated by tertiary in 2006 with the quaternary starting to form (9%)

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66
Q

Factors causing the UK’s economy change

A

deindustrialisation, technology advancements, globalisation

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67
Q

Negative environmental impacts of manufacturing in the Uk

A

• Inefficient waste disposal where batteries from scrap cars leak and contaminate underground water sources
• Urban sprawls happen
• Greenhouse gases are released from burning fossil fuels

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68
Q

Location of Nissan’s car manufacturing plant

A

Sunderland

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69
Q

How has Nissan reduced its negative impacts on environment?

A

• Manufactured electric cars eg Nissan Leaf • 25% of materials used in the Nissan Leaf were recycled materials

70
Q

Benefits of Nissan’s environmentally friendly car manufacturing

A

• Decreased its Co2 emissions (by 31% 1999-2013)
• Less waste to landfill per car (decreased by 91% from 1999-2013)

71
Q

Solutions to the north-south divide

A

• Northern Powerhouse strategy (increasing investment in tourism and businesses in the North)
• foreign investment (TNCs eg Nissan)
• HS2 railway (high speed rail link connecting London with North)
• Improvements to airports in North (Manchester)

72
Q

What causes the north-south divide exist?

A

Household income and life expectancy is higher in the south compared to north

73
Q

How is the UK connected to the wider world?

A

Trade, Culture, Technology, The EU, Transport and, The Commonwealth

74
Q

How does technology connect the Uk with the wider world?

A

Arctic Fiber Project plans to connect London with Tokyo with high speed internet cables

75
Q

How does the commonwealth connect the Uk with the wider world

A

Improves trading and cultural links between Uk and Commonwealth countries • helps governments achieve sustainable development • sporting connections

76
Q

How does the EU connect the UK to the wider world?

A

Uk has good relationships with EU due to its previous membership • EU countries are close to Uk so trading costs are cheaper • European funds supported development in Uk

77
Q

The Commonwealth meaning

A

Group of 53 countries that once were British colonies

78
Q

The EU (European Union) meaning

A

Trading group of European industrial countries

79
Q

Tariff meaning

A

A tax a country pays when trading goods

80
Q

Positive social and economic effects of population growth in South Cambridgeshire

A

Social: Wider diversity of cultures

Economic: Commuters would be able to spend on local economy and increase job opportunities

81
Q

Negative social and economic Impacts of population growth in South Cambridgeshire

A

Social: congestion occurs more often

Economic: Lack of affordable housing, petrol prices increase, reduction in agricultural employment

82
Q

Positive impacts of population decline in Outer Hebrides

A

Cleaner air as less cars would cause less congestion, nature is preserved as there’s less demand for it

83
Q

Negative impacts of population decline in Outer Hebrides

A

Social: Fewer young people to support the ageing population

Economic: employment rate decreases, schools close down

84
Q

Cause of population change in Outer Hebrides

A

Limited employment opportunities mean that younger people economically migrate

85
Q

Cause of populating change in South Cambridgeshire

A

Population expected to increase by 32000 people by 2031 due to migration

86
Q

What rural area is having an increase in population?

A

South Cambridgeshire

87
Q

What rural area is having a decline in the population?

A

Outer Hebrides

88
Q

micro finance loans meaning

A

When small loans are given to people in LICs to start their own businesses

89
Q

Literacy rate definition

A

Percentage of population over the age of 15 who can read or write

90
Q

Migration meaning

A

The movement of people from one place to another

91
Q

Natural change meaning

A

The birth rate minus the death rate of a population

92
Q

Urbanisation meaning

A

When an increasing percentage of a country’s population live in towns and cities

93
Q

GNI

A

• A way of measuring how rich or poor a country is (Gross National Income)
• Total value produced in a country plus the income it receives from other countries

94
Q

Challenges that exist in urban areas (1)

A

• Waste pollution
• This leads to poor sanitation and an increased likelihood of water borne diseases

• Discrimination
• Social segregation may occur due to inequality where an affluent community resides with slum dwellers

• Congestion
• Caused by a high population density
• Can lead to glaciers melting and rising sea levels as greenhouse gases are released

95
Q

Poor sanitation meaning

A

A lack of clean drinking water and inadequate sewage disposal

96
Q

The approximate year the world’s population first became more urban than rural

A

2007

97
Q

What is the capital of Brazil and the importance of its location?

A

• Brasilia
• Placed in the middle for everyone to have their voices heard by the government

98
Q

Environmental impacts of Rio’s urban growth

A

• Heavily densed population leads to congestion and the build of exhaust fumes
• This contributes to air pollution and therefore more people suffer with respiratory issues
• Accounts for 5000 deaths per year

• Water pollution occurs on a large scale on its beaches like Copacabana
• Happens because raw sewage enters the bay
• Rivers become polluted and increases risk of water borne diseases

99
Q

Social impacts of Rio’s urban growth

A

• Traffic congestion causes delays as commuters travel to work

• High crime levels mean that many prefer to travel by car which contributes further to congestion

• Waste pollution occurs in favelas
• And the steep slopes and narrow roads makes it difficult to manage waste
• Encourages rats and also contributes to diseases

100
Q

Challenges faced in Rio’s favelas

A

• Houses are poorly constructed and are prone to collapse
• Favelas are built on steep slopes and the heavy rain from storms can cause landslides leading to deaths and houses being swept

• 50% lack access to running water
• And many lack access to electricity
• Homes also use illegal connections to electricity networks

• High unemployment rates
• Employment is poorly paid in the informal sector
• Income isn’t taxed so the government lacks the funds for development

• High crime rate
• Drug gangs dominate favelas
• Inhabitants distrust the police

• High infant mortality rate

• Waste builds up on the streets

101
Q

Where is Rio located and what is its climate like?

A

• Along the Tropic of Capricorn
• High temperatures with high levels of precipitation all year

102
Q

What are Rio’s major exports?

A

• Coffee
• Oil
• Medicines
• Iron ore

103
Q

Regional importance of Rio

A

• Many migrants have travelled to Rio from Japan and has the 2nd largest Japanese population outside of Japan
• Increases the diversity in area

• Main services in Rio are banking and finance
• Important for businesses and the economy

• Population of 6.7 million people

104
Q

National importance of Rio

A

• Largest producer of oil in Brazil

• Has more than 50 museums, holds carnivals and has historic monuments

• Major logistics hub (has 2 airports and 5 ports)
• Enables cargo and people to be transported

• Brazil’s main tourist destination
• Attracts 2.82 million every year

• Produces 5% of Brazil’s GDP

105
Q

International importance of Rio

A

• Hosted the Olympics in 2016 with 1.17 million visiting

• Statue of Christ the Redeemer is a major tourist attraction and one of the 7 wonders of the world

• Major port exporting coffee, sugar and iron ore

• Attracts workers from the USA and the UK and this encourages economic development in the country

106
Q

What are favelas?

A

Squatter settlements built illegally in Brazil

107
Q

Urban planning projects that took place in Rio

A

• The Favela Bairro Project
• Demolition for the construction of stadiums for the World Cup & Olympic Games

108
Q

Features of the Favela Bairro Project in Rio (1)

A

• People were given addresses
• Therefore are able to qualify for a job
• Gain a stable income

• Access to water supplies
• Sanitation improves and decreases likelihood of diseases
• Life expectancy increases

• Roads have been paved
• Roads are wider and smoother to drive on
• Waste collection services are able to navigate easily
• Reduces waste pollution

109
Q

Aim of the Favela Bairro Project in Rio

A

• Improve the services for the urban poor and upgrade their illegally built houses
• Form of bottom up development

110
Q

Negative impacts of the Favela Bairro Project

A

• Budget of $1 billion may not cover every favela
• Newly built infrastructure is not being maintained
• More training is needed to improve literacy rate and employment

111
Q

Aims of the Demolition project in Rio

A

Improve poorer areas via demolishing favelas for the construction of new facilities

112
Q

Features of Demolition Project in Rio (1)

A

• New Sports Stadiums
• Local people could use after the event
• Improves access to sports facilities
• Improves community links

• 800 new homes were built
• Improved access to water and electricity
• Houses have a stable structure preventing collapse risk

113
Q

Negative impacts of the Demolition Project in Rio

A

• 19,000 families who lived in the favelas lost their homes

• Community spirit has been broken

• Government has benefitted more

• Number of favelas lost were disproportionate to the number of new homes built

114
Q

Population density in Rio

A

37,000 people per km²

115
Q

Global city

A

A city that has many connections to other places in the world and is important to the world’s economy

116
Q

What is a megacity ?

A

A city with a population of over ten million people
Eg: Tokyo, Shanghai and Dhaka

117
Q

National importance of London

A

• UK’s capital city
• Largest population of any UK city (8.7mil)
• Most diverse region
• Generates 22% of UK’s GDP
• Contains the 2nd largest port in UK handling 48 mil tonnes of cargo annually

118
Q

International importance of London

A

• Has the world’s top universities eg UCL and Imperial
• Many of its iconic buildings and football teams are owned by foreign investors
• Has 6 international airports
• Important site for tourism welcoming 17.4 million tourists in 2015
• Major retail centre where shoppers spent £64.2 billion in 2010

119
Q

Immigration meaning

A

Moving from country to country

120
Q

How much money is contributed to the UK’s economy every year by immigrants who travel to London?

A

£83,000,000,000

121
Q

Positive impacts of migration to London

A

• More than 300 languages are spoken in London which increases diversity levels
• Culture promotions eg food shops and Notting Hill Carnival bring people together

• Increases employment rate and more tax gets paid
• Also improves the level of skills where there are shortages

122
Q

Negative impacts of migration to London

A

• Puts pressure on housing and services eg hospitals and schools as population increases

• Challenge of integration into a foreign community which can cause discrimination

123
Q

Derelict building meaning

A

A building that has become run down and disused

124
Q

Urban sprawl

A

The spread of the city into the countryside

125
Q

Social deprivation meaning

A

When a large proportion of people lack access to basic services leading to a poor quality of life

126
Q

Cultural mix

A

When people from different backgrounds/cultures live in the same city

127
Q

Regeneration

A

When money is invested in redeveloping a brownfield site to improve the area

128
Q

What’s a green belt site?

A

Protected land at the rural urban fringe where construction is restricted to prevent urban sprawl
(Eg Cheshunt)

129
Q

Reasons for developing at a green belt site

A

• Already access to good transport links to central London and makes it more convenient for commuters

• Areas of green space can be used by local people for recreational activities

• Cheaper to build here as there’s already infrastructure and no demolition is needed

130
Q

Reasons against developing at a green belt site

A

• High levels of biodiversity

• More people moving to the area would increase traffic and congestion

• Difficult to get permission to build here as it’s protected by the government

• Contributes to urban sprawl so there’s less green space

131
Q

What is a greenfield site

A

Land that hasn’t been built on
(Eg Clavering in Essex)

132
Q

Reasons for developing at a greenfield site

A

• Air is cleaner as there’s no congestion or fossils fuels being burned (decreases risk of respiratory issues)

• Plethora of empty space can be used to build houses and solve London’s housing problem

• Better quality of life compared to central London

133
Q

Reasons against developing at a greenfield site

A

• Once the land is built on it can’t return to its original state

• Pristine countryside has high levels of biodiversity and is an important
habitat for wildlife

• People moving into the area will bring more traffic and pollution

134
Q

What’s a brownfield site?

A

Land that has already been built on
(Eg Stratford or Hackney Wick)

135
Q

Reasons for developing at a brownfield site

A

• Derelict buildings are already connected to the main electricity and water supply

• These areas are close to central London where there’s access to services (and workers can commute easily)

• Area already has low levels of biodiversity

136
Q

Reasons against developing at a brownfield site

A

• Derelict buildings have become a hotspot for crime

• Previous industrial use may mean that the ground is contaminated

• Therefore it’s expensive to build on as the land would need to be cleared and purified

137
Q

Challenges that exist in urban areas (2)

A

• Industrialisation
• Workers can be exploited therefore having a low standard of living
• Also releases greenhouse gases into atmosphere

• Informal settlers
• Tap into electricity networks and increase the risk of blackouts

• Unemployment
• People move out of houses and therefore can get abandoned
• Buildings become derelict and a hotspot for crime

138
Q

Features of the Favela Bairro Project in Rio (2)

A

• Cable car system installation
• Inhabitants are given a free return ticket each day
• Improves access to transport and are able to go to work quicker
• Standard of living improves

• New health, leisure and education facilities
• Improves literacy rate and infant mortality rate
• Quality of life improves

139
Q

What is an integrated transport system?

A

When different modes of transport link are well connected to each other allowing people to travel efficiently

140
Q

How much did the Stratford regeneration project cost?

A

£9.3 billion

141
Q

Positive features of the Stratford regeneration project

A

• The Olympic Stadium was built for the 2012 games and is now WHU’s home stadium

• The Queen Elizabeth Park was created providing 10 hectares of green space

• The River Lea was decontaminated and cleaned

• East Village development has provided 2800 new homes and local shops

• Westfield Stratford City is Europe’s large shopping centre and has created 2,000 permanent jobs, 330 new shops and has generated over £7.4 billion for the UK economy

142
Q

Negative features of the Stratford regeneration project

A

• People who lived in social housing were forced to move out to allow new homes to be built
• This broke down the local community

• Local shops couldn’t compete with large chain stores that moved into the area and were forced to close

143
Q

What transport strategies have been incorporated to promote an integrated system in London?

A

• Cycling schemes and superhighways
• Congestion charge and ULEZ
• Clean technology eg electric cars

144
Q

Characteristics of the cycling scheme and its advantages

A

• Barclays cycle hire scheme brought 6000 new bikes for hire
• Plans to increase by 400% by 2026

• Bikes are very cheap for people to rent
• Superhighways have their own lane separated from other vehicles

145
Q

Disadvantages of the cycling scheme

A

• Bikes are expensive to repair
• Bikes are frequently stolen or damaged
• Superhighways are difficult to build and require space

146
Q

Characteristics of the congestion charge & ULEZ strategy and its advantages

A

• It brought about a 6% increase in bus passengers during charging hours
• Raised £148 million in 2009 which can be used to improve transport

• Roads are quieter and safer
• Less CO2 is emitted

147
Q

Disadvantages of the congestion charge and ULEZ strategy

A

• Tourist/shoppers may be put off from spending on the local economy

• People may drive around the zone which uses more petrol and releases more CO2

148
Q

Characteristics of the clean technology strategy and its advantages

A

• Focuses on increasing the number of hybrid and electric vehicles being used in London

• Hybrid buses use 40% less fuel than regulars
• Less CO2 emissions

149
Q

Disadvantages of the clean technology strategy

A

• Very expensive to execute on large scale
• Electric batteries in hybrid buses often break

150
Q

Features of BedZED

A

• Built on a brownfield site
• Located in Sutton, South London
• Provided 100 homes
• Uses zero fossil fuels
• Contains lots of green space
• Strong focus on community

151
Q

How does BedZED achieve water conservation?

A

• Rain water is absorbed by plants on the roof and is collected and stored underground
• It’s reused for purposes like toilet flushing

• Water meters are installed to incentivise people to save water
• On average 87 litres of water a day is used compared to the UK’s of 150 litres

152
Q

How does BedZED achieve energy conservation?

A

• Windows are south facing to maximise sunlight exposure
• Windows are also triple glazed and walls are thick for thermal insulation
• Solar panels are installed on roofs

• The cost of heating is 68% less than the average London home
• Electricity consumption is reduced by 45%

153
Q

How does BedZED achieve sustainable waste disposal?

A

• Kitchens have different bins to separate waste and make recycling easier
• 60% of BedZED’s waste is recycled (3x UK’s average)

154
Q

Different types of waste disposal in London

A

• Recycling
• Incineration
• Landfill

155
Q

Landfill site definition

A

A place where waste is dumped. When it’s full the rubbish is covered and buried

156
Q

Advantages of landfill sites

A

• It’s cheap to transport rubbish to landfill sites
• Waste goes out of sight from major cities

157
Q

Disadvantages of landfill sites

A

• Rotting rubbish produces greenhouse gases increasing global warming rate
• Plastics take 1000s of years to decompose
• The countryside is polluted

158
Q

Incineration definition

A

Disposing of rubbish by burning it

159
Q

Advantages of incineration

A

• Burning rubbish means it doesn’t take up space in landfill sites
• Energy generated can be used for electricity

160
Q

Disadvantages of incineration

A

• Burning rubbish releases greenhouse gases
• Some types of rubbish create toxic fumes when burnt which is harmful for the environment

161
Q

Recycling definition

A

Processing waste so it can be reused for another purpose

162
Q

Advantages of recycling

A

• It reduces the need to use natural resources to make some products
• Prevents rubbish from being incinerated or sent to landfill

163
Q

Disadvantages of recycling

A

• Uses significant amounts of energy
• Electrical goods are not easily recycled
• Can be expensive

164
Q

Features of the Demolition Project in Rio (2)

A

• Rio’s favelas were demolished
• Weak unstable structures were unsafe to live in
• Lives aren’t lost during a natural disaster like landslides

• International airport was built
• Tourism can take place on a larger scale
• Increased employment opportunities
• Inhabitants receive stable income
• Standard of living improves

165
Q

LIC/NEE case study for opportunities and challenges of urban growth

A

Rio de Janerio

166
Q

Uk city case study for opportunities and challenges of urban growth

A

London (Stratford)

167
Q

Uk case study for urban sustainability

A

BedZED, South London

168
Q

Case study for economic development

A

Jamaica

169
Q

NEE case study of a developing economy

A

Nigeria

170
Q

Hot desert environment case study

A

The Western Desert, USA

171
Q

Desertification in fringes of hot deserts case study

A

Sub-Saharan Africa

GCSEs (21 decks)

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