Geography (paper 2) Flashcards
Informal housing definition
When someone has built their house themselves usually on land they do not own.
Development definition
Improving the standard of living or quality of life
HDI (Human Development Index) definition
Score from 0-1 that incorporates life expectancy, average no. of year spent in school and GDP per capita
GNI per capita definition
The average income of a person in a country
unfair trade rules definition
when countries don’t get a fair deal for the products they import and export
debt interest definition
when countries are given a loan but have to pay back more than they borrowed
sweatshop definition
factory with poor working conditions
Features of bottom up development
Small scale, community level and the bottom benefit most
Features of top down development
Large scale, provisions from trans national companies and governments, benefits filter through from top to lower sectors
Demographic definition
People and population
Landlocked definition
A country with no coastline and is surrounded by other countries
Relief definition
Height and shape of land
Industrialisation meaning
When a country moves from a primary to secondary industry
Intermediate technology definition
Cheap, sustainable technology that is appropriate to the needs of the community
Economic investment definition
When TNCs set up factories in LICs to manufacture goods at low cost (also providing infrastructure)
Fair trade
when producers in LICs are paid a fair amount for what they grow/produce
Standard of living definition
How much income someone has to afford necessities
Positive multiplier effect
One positive change leads to another causing a positive chain reaction on quality of life
Nigeria population
196 million
Nigeria’s GDP
$397 billion
Benefits of industrialisation
more employment opportunities therefore more tax gets paid. •wider range of products produced. •reduced need for imports. •economy is diversified •foreign investment
Global Importance of Nigeria
Ranks as the 5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping missions, 12th largest producer of oil (2.7%), (oil reserves are sweet), 21st largest economy
Regional importance of Nigeria
• Has the largest farm output in Africa
• Film industry of Nollywood is the second largest in world
• largest population in Africa
• Member of the African Union (peacekeeping group)
Main imports in Nigeria
refined petroleum from EU, rice and telephones from China.
Sweet oil definition
High quality oil that contains less than 42% sulphur
Nigeria’s main export
Crude oil to India and China
Disposable income
Money someone has left over to spend after paying for basic needs
Development gap definition
Difference in levels of development between the richest and poorest counties
Strategies for reducing the development gap
Aid, debt relief, investment, industrial development, micro finance loans, fair trade, intermediate technology
How has tourism benefitted Jamaica?
• Contributed to 24% of GDP in 2014
• Generated $2 billion revenue
• Provided 200,000 employment opportunities
Disadvantages of tourism in Jamaica
• Waste accumulation
• Inequality still exists
• Development of infrastructure is delayed as airports are prioritised (some areas inaccessible)
• Overtourism in popular tourist sites
What is aid?
donation of money or goods to support development
Challenges facing development in Nigeria’s future
• Inequality (70% in poverty)
• Sanitation provision
• Corruption
• Lack of education
Location and borders of Nigeria
Located just north of the equator • Borders Chad, Niger, Benin, Cameroon & Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean)
Examples of social and economic measures of development
Literacy rate, life expectancy, infant mortality rate, birth rate, HDI
What is the Demographic Transition Model?
Graph that shows changes in birth and death rate and how the population changes
Causes of uneven development
• Climate (drier climate = less growing crops)
• Corruption (investment in development is low)
• Colonisation (valuable resources taken)
• Conflict (money invested in military and damage repairs)
• Repaying debt
• Natural hazards (money invested in preparation and recovery)
Consequences of uneven development
Migration, inequality (in wealth and health)
Commodity definition
Raw material
Why does relying on commodity exports hinder development
They are of lower value than processed goods and their prices fluctuate inflicting instability
What happens in stage 2 of the DTM?
Birth rate remains high but the death rate rapidly decreases due to improvements in healthcare
Advantages of Shell in Nigeria
Directly employs 65 000 Nigerians • Shell makes large contributions when paying tax to the government • Workers obtain more disposable income
Disadvantages of TNCs in Nigeria
• Workers receive low wages
• Oil spills cause environmental damage and destroys ecosystems (fish)
• Money leakages occur as profit goes back to HQ
• Leads to poor quality urban growth
How has shell improved the quality of life in southern Nigeria?
• Built schools to improve literacy rate • Invested in training young people with new skills like welding • Built healthcare centres for mothers in Nigeria
Malaria meaning
A disease spread by mosquitoes
Why is Nets for All a successful form of aid?
• Households are being educated on how to use bed nets
• It’s a cheap solution (Intermediate technology)
How does Nets for All improve the quality of life in Nigeria?
• 2 bed nets are provided for every household in Kano and other areas
• Contains insecticide to kill mosquitos
Multi lateral aid definition
Aid that comes from multiple sources
Post industrial economy definition
When tertiary and quaternary sectors dominate the economy
De industrialisation meaning
The closure of factories and the decline of the secondary industry
(therefore people lose jobs)
Globalisation meaning
When countries are increasingly becoming interconnected
Rural urban fringe
An area of land at the edge of a town/city where it meets the countryside
How does globalisation contribute to de industrialisation?
As technology develops, communication is easier to carry out therefore we are able to outsource and pay less resulting in unemployment
Quaternary sector
Research and development
Why is the quaternary sector growing?
People are receiving higher levels of education and technology is developing
Benefits of the quaternary sector
Research sector employs over 60,000 highly qualified people • estimated to contribute over £3 billion to economy • research companies pay tax increasing the GDP
Science park
A group of scientific and technical knowledge-based businesses located on a single site
Business park
Area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses
Transnational company
Large corporation that operates in multiple countries
What makes the location of cobalt business park ideal?
• built on cheaper land as it’s located on a rural urban fringe
• more space available for extension
• better access through the A1 motorway and less congestion
• businesses benefit by cooperating
• close proximity to Newcastle University where graduates are highly educated
Why was cobalt business park built in Newcastle?
The north east of England suffered from an economic decline due to deindustrialisation
Infant mortality rate
Children who die under the age of 1 per 1000 births per year
North-South divide
Difference in standard of living between North and South of Uk
Counter urbanisation
When people who live in urban areas migrate to the countryside for a better quality of life
How has the Uk economy changed overtime?
55% of the economy was dominated by the secondary sector in 1900 • 3/4 was dominated by tertiary in 2006 with the quaternary starting to form (9%)
Factors causing the UK’s economy change
deindustrialisation, technology advancements, globalisation
Negative environmental impacts of manufacturing in the Uk
• Inefficient waste disposal where batteries from scrap cars leak and contaminate underground water sources
• Urban sprawls happen
• Greenhouse gases are released from burning fossil fuels
Location of Nissan’s car manufacturing plant
Sunderland
How has Nissan’s car plant reduced its negative impacts on environment?
• Manufactured electric cars eg Nissan Leaf • 25% of materials used in the Nissan Leaf were recycled materials
Benefits of Nissan’s environmentally friendly car manufacturing
• Decreased its Co2 emissions (by 31% 1999-2013)
• Less waste to landfill per car (decreased by 91% from 1999-2013)
Solutions to the north-south divide
• Northern Powerhouse strategy (increasing investment in tourism and businesses in the North)
• foreign investment (TNCs eg Nissan)
• HS2 railway (high speed rail link connecting London with North)
• Improvements to airports in North (Manchester)
What causes the north-south divide exist?
Household income and life expectancy is higher in the south compared to north
How is the UK connected to the wider world?
Trade, Culture, Technology, The EU, Transport and, The Commonwealth
How does technology connect the Uk with the wider world?
Arctic Fiber Project plans to connect London with Tokyo with high speed internet cables
How does the commonwealth connect the Uk with the wider world
Improves trading and cultural links between Uk and Commonwealth countries • helps governments achieve sustainable development • sporting connections
How does the EU connect the UK to the wider world?
Uk has good relationships with EU due to its previous membership • EU countries are close to Uk so trading costs are cheaper • European funds supported development in Uk
The Commonwealth meaning
Group of 53 countries that once were British colonies
The EU (European Union) meaning
Trading group of European industrial countries
Tariff meaning
A tax a country pays when trading goods
Positive social and economic effects of population growth in South Cambridgeshire
Social: Wider diversity of cultures
Economic: Commuters would be able to spend on local economy and increase job opportunities
Negative social and economic Impacts of population growth in South Cambridgeshire
Social: congestion occurs more often
Economic: Lack of affordable housing, petrol prices increase, reduction in agricultural employment
Positive impacts of population decline in Outer Hebrides
Cleaner air as less cars would cause less congestion, nature is preserved as there’s less demand for it
Negative impacts of population decline in Outer Hebrides
Social: Fewer young people to support the ageing population
Economic: employment rate decreases, schools close down
Cause of population change in Outer Hebrides
Limited employment opportunities mean that younger people economically migrate
Cause of populating change in South Cambridgeshire
Increased migration
What rural area is having an increase in population?
South Cambridgeshire
What rural area is having a decline in the population?
Outer Hebrides
micro finance loans meaning
When small loans are given to people in LICs to start their own businesses
Literacy rate definition
Percentage of population over the age of 15 who can read or write
Migration meaning
The movement of people from one place to another
Natural change meaning
The birth rate minus the death rate of a population
Urbanisation meaning
When an increasing percentage of a country’s population live in towns and cities
GNI
• A way of measuring how rich or poor a country is (Gross National Income)
• Total value produced in a country plus the income it receives from other countries
Challenges that exist in urban areas (1)
• Waste pollution
• This leads to poor sanitation and an increased likelihood of water borne diseases
• Discrimination
• Social segregation may occur due to inequality where an affluent community resides with slum dwellers
• Congestion
• Caused by a high population density
• Can lead to glaciers melting and rising sea levels as more greenhouse gases are released
Poor sanitation meaning
A lack of clean drinking water and inadequate sewage disposal
The approximate year the world’s population first became more urban than rural
2007
What is the capital of Brazil and the importance of its location?
• Brasilia
• Placed in the middle for everyone to have their voices heard by the government
Environmental impacts of Rio’s urban growth
• Heavily densed population leads to congestion and the build of exhaust fumes
• This contributes to air pollution and therefore more people suffer with respiratory issues
• Accounts for 5000 deaths per year
• Water pollution occurs on a large scale on its beaches like Copacabana
• Happens because raw sewage enters the bay
• Rivers become polluted and increases risk of water borne diseases
Social impacts of Rio’s urban growth
• Traffic congestion causes delays as commuters travel to work
• High crime levels mean that many prefer to travel by car which contributes further to congestion
• Waste pollution occurs in favelas
• And the steep slopes and narrow roads makes it difficult to manage waste
• Encourages rats and also contributes to diseases
Challenges faced in Rio’s favelas
• Houses are poorly constructed and are prone to collapse
• Favelas are built on steep slopes and the heavy rain from storms can cause landslides leading to deaths and houses being swept
• 50% lack access to running water
• And many lack access to electricity
• Homes also use illegal connections to electricity networks
• High unemployment rates
• Employment is poorly paid in the informal sector
• Income isn’t taxed so the government lacks the funds for development
• High crime rate
• Drug gangs dominate favelas
• Inhabitants distrust the police
• High infant mortality rate
• Waste builds up on the streets
Where is Rio located and what is its climate like?
• Along the Tropic of Capricorn
• High temperatures with high levels of precipitation all year
What are Rio’s major exports?
• Coffee
• Oil
• Medicines
• Iron ore
Regional importance of Rio
• Many migrants have travelled to Rio from Japan and has the 2nd largest Japanese population outside of Japan
• Increases the diversity in area
• Main services in Rio are banking and finance
• Important for businesses and the economy
• Population of 6.7 million people
National importance of Rio
• Largest producer of oil in Brazil
• Major logistics hub (has 2 airports and 5 ports)
• Enables cargo and people to be transported
• Brazil’s main tourist destination
• Attracts 2.82 million every year
• Produces 5% of Brazil’s GDP
International importance of Rio
• Hosted the Olympics in 2016 with 1.17 million visiting
• Statue of Christ the Redeemer is a major tourist attraction and one of the 7 wonders of the world
• Major port exporting coffee, sugar and iron ore
• Attracts workers from the USA and the UK and this encourages economic development in the country
What are favelas?
Squatter settlements built illegally in Brazil
Urban planning projects that took place in Rio
• The Favela Bairro Project
• Demolition for the construction of stadiums for the World Cup & Olympic Games
Features of the Favela Bairro Project in Rio (1)
• People were given addresses
• Therefore are able to qualify for a job
• Gain a stable income
• Access to water supplies
• Sanitation improves and decreases likelihood of diseases
• Life expectancy increases
• Roads have been paved
• Roads are wider and smoother to drive on
• Waste collection services are able to navigate easily
• Reduces waste pollution
Aim of the Favela Bairro Project in Rio
• Improve the services for the urban poor and upgrade their illegally built houses
• Form of bottom up development
Negative impacts of the Favela Bairro Project
• Budget of $1 billion may not cover every favela
• Rents rise in the improved favelas and the poorest inhabitants are even worse off
• More training is needed to improve literacy rate and employment
Aims of the Demolition project in Rio
Improve poorer areas via demolishing favelas for the construction of new facilities
Features of Demolition Project in Rio (1)
• New Sports Stadiums
• Local people could use after the event
• Improves access to sports facilities
• Improves community links
• 800 new homes were built
• Improved access to water and electricity
• Houses have a stable structure preventing collapse risk
Negative impacts of the Demolition Project in Rio
• 19,000 families who lived in the favelas lost their homes
• Community spirit has been broken
• Number of favelas lost were disproportionate to the number of new homes built
Population density in Rio
37,000 people per km²
Global city
A city that has many connections to other places in the world and is important to the world’s economy
What is a megacity ?
A city with a population of over ten million people
Eg: Tokyo, Shanghai and Dhaka
National importance of London
• UK’s capital city
• Largest population of any UK city (8.7mil)
• Most diverse region
• Generates 22% of UK’s GDP
• Contains the 2nd largest port in UK handling 48 mil tonnes of cargo annually
International importance of London
• Has the world’s top universities eg UCL and Imperial
• Many of its iconic buildings and football teams are owned by foreign investors
• Has 6 international airports
• Important site for tourism welcoming 17.4 million tourists in 2015
• Major retail centre where shoppers spent £64.2 billion in 2010
Immigration meaning
Moving from country to country
How much money is contributed to the UK’s economy every year by immigrants who travel to London?
£83,000,000,000
Positive impacts of migration to London
• More than 300 languages are spoken in London which increases diversity levels
• Culture promotions eg food shops and Notting Hill Carnival bring people together
• Increases employment rate and more tax gets paid
• Also improves the level of skills where there are shortages
Negative impacts of migration to London
• Puts pressure on housing and services eg hospitals and schools as population increases
• Challenge of integration into a foreign community which can cause discrimination
Derelict building meaning
A building that has become run down and disused
Urban sprawl
The spread of the city into the countryside
Social deprivation meaning
When a large proportion of people lack access to basic services leading to a poor quality of life
Cultural mix
When people from different backgrounds/cultures live in the same city
Regeneration
When money is invested in redeveloping a brownfield site to improve the area
What’s a green belt site?
Protected land at the rural urban fringe where construction is restricted to prevent urban sprawl
(Eg Cheshunt)
Reasons for developing at a green belt site
• Already access to good transport links to central London and makes it more convenient for commuters
• Areas of green space can be used by local people for recreational activities
• Cheaper to build here as there’s already infrastructure and no demolition is needed
Reasons against developing at a green belt site
• High levels of biodiversity
• More people moving to the area would increase traffic and congestion
• Difficult to get permission to build here as it’s protected by the government
• Contributes to urban sprawl so there’s less green space
What is a greenfield site
Land that hasn’t been built on
(Eg Clavering in Essex)
Reasons for developing at a greenfield site
• Air is cleaner as there’s no congestion or fossils fuels being burned (decreases risk of respiratory issues)
• Plethora of empty space can be used to build houses and solve London’s housing problem
• Better quality of life compared to central London
Reasons against developing at a greenfield site
• Once the land is built on it can’t return to its original state
• Pristine countryside has high levels of biodiversity and is an important
habitat for wildlife
• People moving into the area will bring more traffic and pollution
What’s a brownfield site?
Land that has already been built on
(Eg Stratford or Hackney Wick)
Reasons for developing at a brownfield site
• Derelict buildings are already connected to the main electricity and water supply
• These areas are close to central London where there’s access to services (and workers can commute easily)
• Area already has low levels of biodiversity
Reasons against developing at a brownfield site
• Derelict buildings have become a hotspot for crime
• Previous industrial use may mean that the ground is contaminated
• Therefore it’s expensive to build on as the land would need to be cleared and purified
Challenges that exist in urban areas (2)
• Industrialisation
• Workers can be exploited therefore having a low standard of living
• Also releases greenhouse gases into atmosphere
• Informal settlers
• Tap into electricity networks and increase the risk of blackouts
• Unemployment
• People move out of houses and therefore can get abandoned
• Buildings become derelict and a hotspot for crime
Features of the Favela Bairro Project in Rio (2)
• Cable car system installation
• Inhabitants are given a free return ticket each day
• Improves access to transport and are able to go to work quicker
• Standard of living improves
• New health, leisure and education facilities
• Improves literacy rate and infant mortality rate
• Quality of life improves
What is an integrated transport system?
When different modes of transport link are well connected to each other allowing people to travel efficiently
How much did the Stratford regeneration project cost?
£9.3 billion
Positive features of the Stratford regeneration project
• The Olympic Stadium was built for the 2012 games and is now WHU’s home stadium
• The Queen Elizabeth Park was created providing 10 hectares of green space
• The River Lea was decontaminated and cleaned
• East Village development has provided 2800 new homes and local shops
• Westfield Stratford City is Europe’s large shopping centre and has created 2,000 permanent jobs, 330 new shops and has generated over £7.4 billion for the UK economy
Negative features of the Stratford regeneration project
• People who lived in social housing were forced to move out to allow new homes to be built
• This broke down the local community
• Local shops couldn’t compete with large chain stores that moved into the area and were forced to close
What transport strategies have been incorporated to promote an integrated system in London?
• Cycling schemes and superhighways
• Congestion charge and ULEZ
• Clean technology eg electric cars
Characteristics of the cycling scheme and its advantages
• Barclays cycle hire scheme brought 6000 new bikes for hire
• Plans to increase by 400% by 2026
• Bikes are very cheap for people to rent
• Superhighways have their own lane separated from other vehicles
Disadvantages of the cycling scheme
• Bikes are expensive to repair
• Bikes are frequently stolen or damaged
• Superhighways are difficult to build and require space
Characteristics of the congestion charge & ULEZ strategy and its advantages
• It brought about an increase in bus passengers during charging hours
• Raised £148 million in 2009 which can be used to improve transport
• Roads are quieter and safer
• Less CO2 is emitted
Disadvantages of the congestion charge and ULEZ strategy
• Tourist/shoppers may be put off from spending on the local economy
• People may drive around the zone which uses more petrol and releases more CO2
Characteristics of the clean technology strategy and its advantages
• Focuses on increasing the number of hybrid and electric vehicles being used in London
• Hybrid buses use 40% less fuel than regulars
• Less CO2 emissions
Disadvantages of the clean technology strategy
• Very expensive to execute on large scale
• Electric batteries in hybrid buses often break
Features of BedZED
• Built on a brownfield site
• Located in Sutton, South London
• Provided 100 homes
• Uses zero fossil fuels
• Contains lots of green space
• Strong focus on community
How does BedZED achieve water conservation?
• Rain water is absorbed by plants on the roof and is collected and stored underground
• It’s reused for purposes like toilet flushing
• Water meters are installed to incentivise people to save water
• On average 87 litres of water a day is used compared to the UK’s of 150 litres
How does BedZED achieve energy conservation?
• Windows are south facing to maximise sunlight exposure
• Windows are also triple glazed and walls are thick for thermal insulation
• Solar panels are installed on roofs
• The cost of heating is 68% less than the average London home
• Electricity consumption is reduced by 45%
How does BedZED achieve sustainable waste disposal?
• Kitchens have different bins to separate waste and make recycling easier
• 60% of BedZED’s waste is recycled (3x UK’s average)
Different types of waste disposal in London
• Recycling
• Incineration
• Landfill
Landfill site definition
A place where waste is dumped. When it’s full the rubbish is covered and buried
Advantages of landfill sites
• It’s cheap to transport rubbish to landfill sites
• Waste goes out of sight from major cities
Disadvantages of landfill sites
• Rotting rubbish produces greenhouse gases increasing global warming rate
• Plastics take 1000s of years to decompose
• The countryside is polluted
Incineration definition
Disposing of rubbish by burning it
Advantages of incineration
• Burning rubbish means it doesn’t take up space in landfill sites
• Energy generated can be used for electricity
Disadvantages of incineration
• Burning rubbish releases greenhouse gases
• Some types of rubbish create toxic fumes when burnt which is harmful for the environment
Recycling definition
Processing waste so it can be reused for another purpose
Advantages of recycling
• It reduces the need to use natural resources to make some products
• Prevents rubbish from being incinerated or sent to landfill
Disadvantages of recycling
• Uses significant amounts of energy
• Electrical goods are not easily recycled
• Can be expensive
Features of the Demolition Project in Rio (2)
• Rio’s favelas were demolished
• Weak unstable structures were unsafe to live in
• Lives aren’t lost during a natural disaster like landslides
• International airport was built
• Tourism can take place on a larger scale
• Increased employment opportunities
• Inhabitants receive stable income
• Standard of living improves
LIC/NEE case study for opportunities and challenges of urban growth
Rio de Janerio
Uk city case study for opportunities and challenges of urban growth
London (Stratford)
Uk case study for urban sustainability
BedZED, South London
Case study for economic development
Jamaica
NEE case study of a developing economy
Nigeria
Hot desert environment case study
The Western Desert, USA
Desertification in fringes of hot deserts case study
Sub-Saharan Africa
