Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GCSEs > Chemistry (paper 2) 📍 > Flashcards

Chemistry (paper 2) 📍 Flashcards

1
Q

What are group 1 elements called?

A

Alkali metals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are group 7 elements called?

A

Halogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are group 0 elements called?

A

Noble gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Inert meaning

A

Unreactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Noble gas characteristics

A

• Exist as single atoms
• Have a full outer shell = stable arrangement of electrons
• Therefore they’re inert and don’t easily form molecules
• Non - flammable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is helium used for and why?

A

• Useful for airships
• Has a very low density and is non-flammable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is neon used for and why?

A

• Useful for making illuminated signs
• Neon produces red/orange light when electricity is passed through it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is argon used for and why?

A

• Used when an inert atmosphere is needed as it won’t react with anything
• Eg Argon is used to replace oxygen so that the oxygen doesn’t react with (or corrode) reactive metals being made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Alkali metal properties

A

• They’re reactive
• They’re soft
• They have low melting and boiling points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do alkali metals react with water?

A

• They react with water to produce a metal hydroxide (alkali) and hydrogen
• Metal floats on surface as its less dense than water
• Metal fizzes as hydrogen gas is given off
• Universal Indicator goes blue/purple (pH 14) as alkaline metal hydroxide is formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

General equation for metal reacting with water

A

metal + water —> metal hydroxide + hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens to reactivity as you go down group 1 and how is it shown?

A

• The reactivity increases
• The amount of fizzing increases
• The reaction is more vigorous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why do alkalis get more reactive as you go down group 1?

A

• As you go down the group there is a greater distance between the nucleus and outer electron
• Therefore there is less electrostatic attraction and the electron is more easily lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Halogen charactersistics

A

• Exist as molecules made of pairs of atoms
• As you go down the group, the size of the molecules increases
• Therefore the melting and boiling point increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Test for chlorine gas

A

When damp, blue litmus paper gets bleached white

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

General equation for metal reacting with halogen

A

halogen + metal —> metal halide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

As you go down group 7 what happens to reactivity?

A

It decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why do halogens get less reactive as you go down group 7?

A

• The greater distance between the nucleus and the incoming electron, the weaker the electrostatic attraction
• Therefore electrons are less easily gained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

General equation for hydrogen reacting with halogen

A

hydrogen + halogen —> hydrogen halide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do hydrogen halides form when dissolved in water?

A

Acidic solutions (eg HCL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

As you go down group 7, what happens to melting/boiling point and why?

A

• It increases
• The size of the molecules increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Appearance of chlorine

A

Green gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Appearance of bromine

A

Brown liquid

24
Q

Appearance of iodine

A

Purple/black solid

25
Q

Explain how hydrogen fluoride can form an acidic aqueous solution and name the acid

A

• Hydrofluoric acid is formed
• Hydrogen fluoride separates into 2 ions (H+ and F -) as it dissolves in water
• H+ ions make it an acid

26
Q

What happens in halogen displacement reactions?

A

A more reactive halogen will displace a less reactive halogen from an ionic compound

27
Q

Colour of chlorine in aqueous solution

A

Pale green

28
Q

Colour of bromine in aqueous solution

A

Yellow

29
Q

Colour of iodine in aqueous solution

A

Brown

30
Q

[Topic 9]
Composite material meaning

A

Material made from two or more materials with different properties

31
Q

Matrix meaning

A

The substance that binds fibres of the other material

32
Q

Reinforcement meaning

A

Fibres that you add to the matrix

33
Q

Fibre meaning

A

Long thin strands

34
Q

Nanoparticle meaning

A

Tiny particles between 1 and 1000 nm consisting of a few hundred atoms

35
Q

What is 1 nm equal to in metres?

A

1 x 10 ^-9

36
Q

Uses of nanoparticles

A

• Nano-medicine (tiny enough to deliver drugs around body eg fullerene)
• Sunscreen (prevent harmful UV radiation reaching skin)
• Electrical circuits (conduct electricity)

37
Q

Risks of nanoparticles in sunscreen

A

• Could get into bloodstream
• May damage cells
• Long term effects unknown

38
Q

What do the useful properties of nanoparticles depend on?

A

Their large surface area to volume ratios

39
Q

Properties of glass ceramics

A

• High melting/boiling points
• Transparent
• Made by sand (SiO2)
• Very hard
• Not very strong
• Brittle
• Not a heat/electricity conductor

40
Q

Properties of clay ceramics

A

• High melting/boiling points
• Made from wet clay
• Strong
• Hard
• Brittle
• Not a heat/electricity conductor

41
Q

Properties of metal

A

• High melting/boiling points
• Shiny
• Strong
• Soft (pure) / Hard (alloy)
• Malleable when soft/pure
• Heat and electricity conductor

42
Q

Properties of polymers

A

• Moderately high boiling/melting points
• Made from covalent bonds between atoms
• Strong
• Not heat/electricity conductor

43
Q

[Topic 7]
What is an exothermic reaction?

A

Reaction where heat energy is released

44
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

Reaction where heat energy is absorbed

45
Q

Activation energy meaning

A

Minimum energy needed for particles to react

46
Q

What happens during an exothermic reaction?

A

• Products have less energy than reactants
• Reaction gives out heat energy to surroundings
• Temperature increases

47
Q

What happens during an endothermic reaction?

A

• Products have more heat energy than reactants
• Reaction takes in heat energy to surroundings
• Temperature decreases

48
Q

Overall heat change meaning

A

The difference between the energy used to break bonds and the energy released when making bonds
(Break - make)

49
Q

What overall heat energy change do exothermic reactions have?

A

• Negative overall heat energy change
• Less energy is used breaking bonds than is released by making bonds

50
Q

Units for energy change

A

+/- ___ kJ mol ^-1

51
Q

The 4 factors that affect the rate of a reaction

A

• Temperature
• Concentration / pressure
• Surface area
• Catalysts

52
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of reaction?

A

• Increasing temperature means the particles have more kinetic energy
• More particles will have the activation energy allowing for more frequent successful collisions

53
Q

How does concentration/pressure affect the rate of reaction?

A

• Increasing concentration/pressure makes particles closer together
• So there’ll be more frequent successful collisions

54
Q

How does surface area affect the rate of reaction?

A

• Increasing the SA:V means more particles are exposed
• So there’ll be more frequent successful collisions

55
Q

How do catalysts affect the rate of reaction?

A

• Catalysts speed up chemical reactions without changing chemically or in mass
• They provide an alternative route with a lower activation energy
• More particles have the activation energy
• There’ll be more frequent successful collisions

56
Q

When investigating pH change until neutralisation what alternative can be used instead of universal indicator and why?

A

• pH probe
• Increases accuracy

57
Q

When investigating pH change until neutralisation what alternative can we use to using a measuring cylinder for the volume of acid?

A

• A volumetric pipette
• More accurate

GCSEs (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions