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Revision > Geo - Glaciation > Flashcards

Geo - Glaciation Flashcards

1
Q

How do glaciers form

A

Snow which never melts, layers up compressing to form ice and starts to slip downhill where it’ll eventually melt

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2
Q

What’s the snowline

A

The line where ice doesn’t ever melt

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3
Q

What is the birthplace of glaciers

A

Corries

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4
Q

What is basal slippage

A

Where meltwater Underneath the glacier lubricates it allowing it to slip downhill

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5
Q

What’s a cravace

A

A crack in glacial ice

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6
Q

What’s a glacial surge

A

Where large amounts of ice move hundreds of meters

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7
Q

What’s moraine

A

Material being carried by the glacier which has fallen from the valley sides

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8
Q

What is abrasion in a glacier

A

The sandpapering effect where rocks being carried by the glacier grind away at the valley sides eroding them away

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9
Q

What is plucking

A

Where rocks are ‘plucked’ as meltwater freezes and bonds them to the moving glacier

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10
Q

Where is moraine deposited

A

At the snout of the glacier where the ice melts

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11
Q

What is glacial till/Boulder clay

A

The rocks left behind as the glacier retreats

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12
Q

What is a drumlin

A

Large hills of glacial till caused by rapid retreat

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13
Q

How can glacial till be sorted

A

Through meltwater rivers which carry the sediment

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14
Q

What is internal deformation

A

Where ice crystals slowly deform aligning and allowing the glacier to move - very slowly - only in very cold conditions where there is no meltwater

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15
Q

Define a Corrie

A

Large hollowed out depressions found on the upper slopes of glaciated valleys

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16
Q

How does a Corrie form

A
  1. Snow gathers in slight depressions in the rock compressing into ice over many years
  2. Glacial ice builds up and deepens the depression though plucking and abrasion as the glacier moves through rotational slip
  3. After the glacial period the Corrie fills with meltwater becoming a tarn (Corrie lake) with a rock lip due to the deposition of moraine
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17
Q

What is an arête

A

Where two corries meet forming a knife-edge ridge

18
Q

What is a pyramidal peak

A

Where three or more corries form a single peak

19
Q

How is a U-shaped valley formed

A

As a glacier moves through a V-shaped valley it erodes away deepening and widening it forming a flat bottomed valley

20
Q

What are truncated Spurs

A

Where interlocking Spurs are destroyed as a glacier cannot move around them forming a singular straight valley

21
Q

What are ribbon lakes

A

Deep and long lakes at the base of a U-shaped valley

22
Q

How are ribbon lakes formed

A

A higher rate of erosion in a glacier either from
1. the glacier meeting a softer rock (geology) or
2. The meeting of a tributary glacier which would increase the ice mass and therefore increase the rate of erosion
After the glacial period these hollows fill with meltwater becoming ribbon lakes

23
Q

What is a hanging valley

A

Where a tributary glacier cannot erode to the same level as the main glacier, often marked with a waterfall

24
Q

What is lateral moraine

A

Rocks which have fallen from the valley sides onto the glacier, building up on the sides

25
Q

What is medial moraine?

A

When two glaciers meet their lateral moraine in the centre joins up making a string of moraine at the centre of the surface of the glacier

26
Q

What is terminal moraine

A

Moraine built up at the snout of a glacier often reaching tens of meters high

27
Q

What is ground moraine?

A

Rocks trapped within the ice, essential for abrasive erosional processes

28
Q

What are four economic ways of using glaciated areas in the UK

A
  1. Farming of sheep
  2. Planting of conifer trees
  3. Quarrying
  4. Tourism
29
Q

How is farming carried out in glaciated areas?

A

In upland areas sheep are used as the uneven rocky ground has not much use
In valleys soil is thicker and land is flat so perfect for farming equipment
In lowland areas fertile till deposits make it easy to farm on the rolling hills

30
Q

Why are conifer trees planted in glaciated areas?

A

They are well adapted to acidic soils and only take 20-30 years to grow where they can be harvested for paper or the construction industry

31
Q

How is quarrying an economy opportunity in glaciated areas?

A

Hard rock, sand and gravel can be used the the construction industry
Limestone found in the Pennines can be used in the chemical industry

32
Q

What are the benefits of tourism in glaciated areas

A

They provide huge economic opportunities

They provide employment for thousands

33
Q

What are the disadvantages to tourism in glaciated areas

A

Environmental damage
Lack of job security
Exploitation of culture

34
Q

Why are wind turbines suited to glaciated landscapes?

A

Glaciated landscapes are exposed with only a very small population

35
Q

What problems may wind turbines cause in glaciated areas

A

Some people think they’re ugly and may drive away tourists from the area damaging the local economy

36
Q

What conflicts can occur from quarrying in glaciated areas

A

Can lead to pollution of land and can spoil the landscape

37
Q

What conflicts can occur from tourism in glaciated areas?

A

Can cause conflicts with local land owners on how best to use the land

38
Q

What conflicts can occur from water storage in glaciated areas?

A

Dams can cause environmental conflicts as land won’t be able to flood

39
Q

What are erratics and how do they form?

A

They are glacial deposited rocks which were carried by the glacier and then left behind as it retreated

40
Q

What is the significance of an erratic

A

They can be used to trace the path of an ancient glacier

41
Q

What are drumlins and how do they form

A

Drumlins are specifically shaped hills that form when a glacier deposits large amounts of material, then pushes it and makes it streamlined

Revision (29 decks)

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