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Revision > Bio - Cells > Flashcards

Bio - Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the Function of the Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material which controls all activities of the cell

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2
Q

What’s the function of the cytoplasm

A

A gel like substance where most chemical reactions take place by enzymes

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3
Q

What’s the function of the cell membrane

A

Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

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4
Q

What’s the function of the mitochondria

A

Where most reactions for aerobic respiration occurs which transfers energy that cells need to work

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5
Q

What’s the function of the ribosomes

A

Where proteins are made in the cell

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6
Q

What is the function of the cell wall

A

Made of cellulose - supports the cell and strengthens it

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7
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole

A

Contains cell sap

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8
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts

A

Where photosynthesis takes place - contains chlorophyll

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9
Q

What’s the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotes are far more complex and make up large(er) organisms where prokaryotes make up single celled organisms

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10
Q

What type of cell are plant cells

A

Eukaryotes

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11
Q

What type of cells are bacteria

A

Prokaryotes

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12
Q

What type of cell are animal cells

A

Eukaryotes

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13
Q

What are plasmids

A

Small rings of DNA in bacterial cells

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14
Q

What are bacteria missing

A

Chloroplasts and mitochondria

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15
Q

How do light microscopes work

A

They use light and lenses to magnify, let’s us see individual cells and large sub cellular structures such as the nucleus

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16
Q

How do electron microscopes work

A

Use electrons instead of light to form an image - have a much higher magnification and resolution than light microscopes and so can see smaller sub cellular structures such as ribosomes

17
Q

What formula is needed to work out magnification

A

Magnification = image size/real size

18
Q

How do you prepare an onion slide?

A
  1. Add a drop of water to the slide
  2. Cut up the onion into a thin layer and add to the slide
  3. Add a drop of iodine to stain
  4. place the cover slip on top slowly and at an angle to avoid air bubbles
19
Q

What is cell differentiation

A

When a cell changes to become suited to a particular job

20
Q

What are stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells

21
Q

How are sperm cells specialised

A

They have a long tail, a streamlined body and many mitochondria to provide the cell with the energy needed to move

22
Q

How are nerve cells specialised

A

They are long and have branched connections at their ends to form connections to other nerve cells and form a network

23
Q

How are muscle cells specialised

A

They are long (so they have space to contract) and have many mitochondria to generate the energy they need

24
Q

How are root hair cells specialised

A

Used on the surface of roots of plants, have a large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions

25
Q

How are phloem and xylem cells specialised

A

The cells must be long and joined end to end to form the tubes which transport food and water around plants

26
Q

Where is genetic material stored

A

Inside the nucleus of a cell in the form of chromosomes which are coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

27
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have

A

23

28
Q

What is mitosis

A

The stage of the cell cycle where the cell divides

29
Q

What is the function of mitosis

A

To grow or replace cells that have been damaged

30
Q

What must a cell do before it divides

A

It must grow, increasing the amount of sub cellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes and duplicate its DNA

31
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce

A

Binary fission

32
Q

What are ideal conditions for binary fission

A
  1. Warm

2. Lots of nutrients

33
Q

Why are cultures of microorganisms not kept above 25 degrees C

A

Harmful pathogens are more likely to grow at this temperature

34
Q

What is an inhibition zone

A

The clear area where bacteria have died

35
Q

How do you prevent contamination of a culture

A
  1. Petri dish and culture medium must be sterilised
  2. Inoculating loop must be sterilised by passing it through a hot flame
  3. The lid of the Petri dish must be lightly taped on
  4. Petri dish must be stored upside down to stop condensation falling on the agar solution
36
Q

How to calculate the area of an inhibition zone

A

Area = πr^2

37
Q

What are the two places stem cells are found

A

In embryos and in bone marrow

38
Q

What are the risks of embryonic stem cells

A

They could be rejected and they’re controversial

Revision (29 decks)

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