Genki Lesson 1

Question 1

[第１課ー１] Forklar [XはY です]

Answer 1

X is Y. As for X , it is Y.

I tilfeller hvor en setning ikke har et klart emne, kan et emne tildeles med emne-partikkelen は. Kan identifisere en ting/person X, som item Y.

私は学生です。 - i am a student.

★　The topic can be anything that a speaker wants to talk about (It can be an object, location or any other grammatical element).

★　It is sometimes compared to the English expressions “As for ~” or “Speaking of ~”

Question 2

[第１課ー2] How do you form a question sentence?

Answer 2

All you need to do is add か at the end of a statement.

留学生ですか - are you an international student?
はい、留学生です。- yes, i am.

Question 3

[第１課ー2-EX] What is the japanese question word for “what” , and how many pronounciations does it have? When do you use them?

Answer 3

何 has two pronounciations : なん & なに。

なん brukes før desu , eller før en “teller”, som 時 (o’clock).

今いま何時じですか。 -（今）九時じです。
メアリーさんは何年生ですか。二年生です。

Den andre formen, なに, brukes før et partikkel. Nani brukes også i kombinasjonen なに人 (person of what nationality).

何人ですか。日本人です。

・Generally nan, or nani is used for which ever flows better.
・However, Nani is used when wanting to be more polite and formal.
・Other situations may require getting a feel for using nan versus nani, or memorization.
・In general, if the following word begins with a syllable from the t, n, and d groups. Nan is used.

Common usages:
Nan is used before particles の, で and verb だ/です.

Nani is used Before か and に,

If nan was used before か, it would sound like the word nanka, which means “things like” or “something like that” which is also considered rude.
Nanika is instead used. Both nanka and nanika mean “something”, but nanika is polite.

If nan was used in the case of ni/に, it would produce nanni なんに. This　sounds similar to nannimo なんにも, which means “nothing at all”.
Generally mo/も、to indicate nothing, or absence. This could confuse a listener, waiting for a mo to be uttered.

Question 4

[第１課ー3] What does the の particle do?

Answer 4

の er et grammatisk partikkel som kobler sammen to substantiv.

substantiv1 (further restriction) の substantiv2 (main idea)

さくら大学(だいがく)の学生(がくせい) –> “a student at sakura university”.

det andre substantivet 学生 gir hovedpoenget (å være en student), og den første さくら大学 gjør den mer spesifikk (ikke videregående, men høgskole).

A phrase of the form “noun1, の noun2” acts more or less like one big noun. You can put it wherever you can put a noun.

Question 5

[第１課ーEN#2] How do you refer to the person you are talking to in Japanese? Do you just use the words for “you” ?

Answer 5

The word for “you”, 貴方(あなた) is not very commonly used in Japanese. instead, we use the name and title like さん and 先生(せんせい) to refer to the person you are talking to.

ハートさんはスウェーデン人ですか。
instead of:
ハートさん,あなたはスウェーデン人ですか。

Question 6

[第１課ーEN#2] hvordan leser man opp telefonnr/ spør om tlfnr?

Answer 6

Ved å si Denwa bangoo wa nan desu ka?

でんわばんごうはなんですか

the の particle is usually placed in between the local exchange code and the sequence of digits (333の111の222 = 333-111-222)

きゅういちいちのゼロろくのゼロごろくです (911-06-056)

Question 7

[第１課ーEX] Hvordan illustrerer man tid/klokkeslett?

Answer 7

med じ（時(とき）。

Example:

なん時ですか。午前十時半です。

Question 8

[第１課ーEX] Hvordan spørre om år (ikke alder)

Answer 8

なんねん　ー　何年

Question 9

[第１課ーEX] Hva er です?

Answer 9

です= kopula.
です er den formelle varianten av kopula.

har betydningen “er lik”

norsk: være har to ulike betydninger:
2 + 2 = 4 To og to er fire.
Per er på kjøkkenet. (befinner seg, eksisterer)

はじめまして。たけしです。
どうぞよろしく。

学生(がくせい)です　－ (I) am a student.
十(じゅう)二(に)時半(じはん)です - (it is) 12:30
車(くるま)です - (it is) a car.

Question 10

[第１課ーEX] Hvordan spørre om hvilken dag i mnden det er ?

Answer 10

なんにち　ー　何日

Question 11

[第１課ーEX] Hvordan sier du + (pluss) på japansk? f.eks 1+1=2

Answer 11

ADDITION: Tasu (足(た)す)

1+1=2

Ichi tasu ichi wa ni

一(いち)たす一(いち)は二(に)
一(いち)足(た)す一(いち)波に

5 + 8 = 13
Go tasu hachi wa jusan

ごたすはちはじゅうさん
五(ご)足(た)す八(はち)は十(じゅう)三(さん)

Question 12

[第１課ーEX] Hvordan sier du - (minus) på japansk? f.eks 6-6 = 0

Answer 12

SUBTRACTION: Hiku (ひく or 引(ひ)く)

When you subtract, you use the word “hiku” to say the equation.

5 – 3 = 2
go hiku san wa ni

ごひくさんはに
五(ご)引(ひ)く三(さん)は二(に)

Question 13

[第１課ーEX] Hvordan sier du = (er lik)

Answer 13

er lik leses som は(wa)

5+4 = 9

五(ご)足(た)す四(よん)は九(きゅう)

Question 14

[第１課ーEX] What is the most basic sentence pattern for verbs about wearing clothes?

Answer 14

(item) を ( = wo) +verb
服を着る = fuku wo kiru = to wear clothes

• Don’t forget the particle を ( = wo) before the verb.
• ドレスを着る = doresu wo kiru = to wear or put on a dress
• シャツを着る = shatsu wo kiru = to wear or put on a shirt
• パジャマを着る = pajama wo kiru = to wear or put on a pajamas

Question 15

[第１課ーEX] Verb for wearing clothes that cover your upper body and more ? (シャツ、ブラウス、ジャケット)

Answer 15

着る 【き・る】- to wear - ichidan verb

・~を着る*
*You need the particle を=o= to take an object.
・the most common verb for putting on clothes

• ドレスを着る = doresu wo kiru = to wear or put on a dress
• シャツを着る = shatsu wo kiru = to wear or put on a shirt
• パジャマを着る = pajama wo kiru = to wear or put on a pajamas

Question 16

[第１課ーEX] Verb for wearing clothes for your lower body and feet (ジーンズ、靴下、ブーツ、靴など)?

Answer 16

履く 【は・く】- to wear　 ～を godan verb

• ズボン = zubon=a pair of pants →+ を ( = wo) + はく = 穿く( = haku)
• スカート = skirt →+ を ( = wo) + はく = 穿く ( = haku),　Sometimes people use 着る( = kiru) as well.
• 靴 = kutsu = shoes →+ を ( = wo) + はく ＝ 履く ( = haku)
• 靴下 = kutsushita = socks → + を ( = wo) +履く ( = haku)
• ストッキング = pantyhose → + を ( = wo) +はく = 穿く ( = haku)

Question 17

[第１課ーEX] When do we use 履く& 穿く , and what does it mean?

Answer 17

We use はく = haku for the items you wear on your lower body.

It has two kanji. 履く& 穿く
If the items are for your feet, use 履
and if they are for your lower body — from your waist down — but above your foot, use 穿 (not commonly used kanji, hiragana is ok).

• ズボン = zubon=a pair of pants →+ を ( = wo) + はく = 穿く( = haku)
• スカート = skirt →+ を ( = wo) + はく = 穿く ( = haku),　
• 靴 = kutsu = shoes →+ を ( = wo) + はく ＝ 履く ( = haku)
• 靴下 = kutsushita = socks → + を ( = wo) +履く ( = haku)
• ストッキング = pantyhose → + を ( = wo) +はく = 穿く ( = haku)

Question 18

[第１課ーEX] What verb do we use to talk about items/clothing that goes on your head?

Answer 18

被る 【かぶ・る】 – to cover - Godan verb

• 帽子 = boushi = hat 被る = + を ( = wo) + かぶる　( = kaburu)

• かつら ( = katsura), ウィッグ ( = wiggu) , ズラ ( = zura) (slang) = wig
→+を ( = wo)+ 被る = かぶる ( = kaburu ) or つける (
= tsukeru) or する (= suru)

Question 19

[第１課ーEX] What verb do we use to talk about items/clothing that goes on your head, but we don’t use かぶる for?

Answer 19

we use つける or する。

• ヘアーアクセサリー ( = heaa akusesarii ) = hair accessaries. → + を (=wo)+つける ( = tsukeru) ,する (= suru)
• イヤホーン ( = iyahon) =earphone→+を ( = wo)+つける ( = tsukeru) ,する (= suru)

Question 20

[第１課ーEX] what verb do we use to talk about putting on Eyeglasses and sunglasses?

Answer 20

かける – to hang - ichidan verb

• めがね ( = megane )= eye glasses →+を (=wo)+かける ( = kakeru)
• サングラス ( = sangurasu )= sunglasses →+を ( = wo) + かける ( = kakeru)

Question 21

[第１課ーEX] Verb for clothing that wraps (such as a scarf) ?

Answer 21

巻く 【ま・く】 – to wrap - godan verb

Items that wrap around such as scarves （スカーフ、マフラーなど）

• マフラー ( = mafuraa )= a muffler →+を ( = wo) + する ( = suru) → 巻く ( = maku )= to wrap, put something around
• スカーフ ( = sukaafu ) = a scarf →+を ( = wo) + する ( = suru)、巻く ( = maku )= to wrap, put something around

Question 22

[第１課ーEX] Verb for clothing that fasten, like a necktie ?

Answer 22

締める 【し・める】 – to tie
Items that fasten such as neckties and belts （ネクタイ、ベルト、帯など）

•ネクタイ ( = nekutai ) = necktie →+を ( = wo)+締める ( = shimeru) / する ( = suru)

Question 23

[第１課ーEX] Verb for clothing/items that goes on hands and fingers?

Answer 23

はめる – to insert
Items you stick your finger into such as rings （指輪）

• 指輪 = yubiwa = ring →+ を ( = wo) + はめる ( = hameru) 　or つける ( = tsukeru) ／ する ( = suru)
• 手袋 = tebukuro = gloves → + を ( = wo) + はめる ( = hameru) or する ( = suru)

(Note : As you might have noticed, we use 〜をする ( = ~ wo suru) for many items. But they are very conversational.

Question 24

[第１課ーEX - です] Hvilke egenskaper deler kopula med verb i Japansk?

Answer 24

・det kommer sist i setningen

・det kan bøyes i tid

Question 25

[第１課ーEX - です] Hvilke egenskaper deler IKKE kopula med verb i Japansk?

Answer 25

・kopula kan ikke stå alene og gi mening slik andre verb kan på japansk.
・i motsetning til et “vanlig” japansk verb, som altså kan danne predikat alene, må kopula ha noe foran seg fora t det skal kunne danne predikat.

Question 26

[第１課ーEX - です] Hva er kopulas funksjon på japansk?

Answer 26

です - kopulas funksjon er å “hjelpe” substantiver eller en substantivlignende type adjektiver med å danne predikat., fordi disse kan ikke danne predikat alene.

Question 27

[第１課ーEX - です] hva heter kopula på japansk?

Answer 27

På japansk kalles kopula ofte for bedooshi (dooshi er det japanske ordet for “verb”), fordi det fungerer på samme måten som det engelske “to be”.

Question 28

[第１課ーEX - です] Hvordan kan vi oversette og forstå kopula på norsk?

Answer 28

・kopula kan oversettes på norsk som “å være”. Ikke i betydningen “eksistens” , men i betydningen “er lik”.
・i praksis er det gjenstander som identifiseres eller klassifiseres, eller egenskaper ved subjektet som beskrives.

これは本です。- Dette er en bok
I denne eksempelsetningen er funksjonen til kopulaformen å sette likhetstegn mellom “Dette” og “bok”. Dette = bok

Question 29

[第１課ーEX - です] Bruk kopula til å identifisere eller klassifisere en gjenstand.

Answer 29

これは本です。- Dette er en bok

I dette eksempelet er det en gjenstand som identifiseres eller klassifiseres.

です = er lik

Dette = Bok

Question 30

[第１課ーEX - です] Bruk kopula til å beskrive en egenskap ved subjektet

Answer 30

その本は高いです。 - denne boken er dyr.

I denne eksempelsetningen beskrives en egenskap ved subjektet.

Question 31

[第１課ーEX - です] Hva er en viktig tommelfingerregel å forstå angående kopulas “er lik” funksjon ?

Answer 31

Det er særdeles viktig å merke seg at kopula kun dekker funksjonen “er lik”. For å uttrykke eksistens brukes andre verb som いる og ある.

Problemet er at på norsk så dekker kopula “å være” både betydningen “er lik” og betydningen “eksistens”.

Det er en bil – her identifiseres/klassifiseres en gjenstand

Der er en bil - Her uttrykker vi betydningen “eksistens”. VI uttrykker at gjenstanden “bil” eksisterer eller befinner seg på et nærmere angitt sted.