genital cancers

Question 1

Types of ovarian cancer

Answer 1

• Epithelial type
• Endometrial type
• Germ cell type
• Stromal

Question 2

Epithelial ovarian cancer

Answer 2

• Most common type
  • Found in older women / postmenopausal - nulliparous is a risk factor ( repeated ovulation)

presentation
• Abdominal swelling ( due to tumor )
• Pressure of tumor ( early satiety and incontinence )
• Discomfort

Question 3

Subtype of Epithelial cancer

Answer 3

Serous/ TUBAL cancer - looks like fallopian tube

• assoc w BRACA mutation
• spreads beyond ovary in time of identification

Question 4

Endometrial/ Clear cell tumor

Answer 4

• looks like endometrium

- associated with nulliparity

Question 5

Germ cell cancer

Answer 5

• affects younger women under 30
• abdominal pain and swelling
  Benign
  • Cystic teratoma - contains different cell types
  malignant
  • Dysgerminoma - common malignant germ cell tumour

Question 6

Stromal ovarian cancer

Answer 6

• rare
• occur throughout life
• may secrete hormones such as testosterone / oestrogen

Question 7

Investigations

Answer 7

• Ca125 test

* Ultrasound and CT of Pelvis

Question 8

Ca125 test

Answer 8

• A protein found in blood as a non specific marker of peritoneal irritation
• Elevated by menstuation, pregnancy, malignancies
• Very high levels assoc w peritoneal malignancies

Question 9

BRACA Mutation

Answer 9

• BRACA 1 and BRACA 2 are tumor supressor genes which become mutated
• Autosomal dominant inheritance

Question 10

Vulval cancer

Answer 10

• Squamous cell carcinoma caused by
  • Lichen sclerosis - automimmune condition causing flattening and whitening of vulvula
  • HPV 16 - enters the vulva and causes cancer

Question 11

Vaginal cancer

Answer 11

• squamous cell carcinoma

* Caused by HPV assoc