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RUSVM Bacteriology > General Review > Flashcards

General Review Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Genes are present in ribosomes

A

False

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2
Q

Outer membrane of gram negative bacteria contains _________________

A

Outer membrane of gram negative bacteria contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

_____________________________

Toxic. Causes fever by stimulating the immune system when released into the blood

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3
Q

Aerotolerant Anaerobe

A

Organism grows better without oxygen, but will not die in the presence of it.

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4
Q

_________ have specific fimbrial antigens that can be detected by antibody tests.

A

E. coli have specific fimbrial antigens that can be detected by antibody tests.

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5
Q

Flagella

A

Appendages used for locomotion/ motility, the number and arrangement can be used for identification of bacterial species

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6
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Virus particles which attack bacteria

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7
Q

Dipicolinic Acid

A

Organic acid that protects the endospore from damage

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8
Q

Common measurements of bacterial growth

A

Colony counting

Turbidimetry

Flow cytometry

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9
Q

Peptidoglycan is a cross linked polymer with repeating subunits of ________________ and ___________________.

A

Peptidoglycan is a cross linked polymer with repeating subunits of N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl muramic acid.

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10
Q

Peptidoglycan is resposible for what in cells:

A

Cell Shape

Staining Qualities

Osmotic Stability

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11
Q

Conjugation

A

Process by which one bacterium (with fertility factor) transfers genetic material to another through direct contact

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12
Q

Transformation

A

Genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surrounding and taken up through the cell membranes

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13
Q

Lipd A is considered an (endotoxin/exotoxin)

A

Lipd A is considered an (endotoxin/exotoxin)

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14
Q

Aerobic

A

Organism requires oxygen for growth

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15
Q

Plasmid

A

Small circular DNA present in bacteria

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16
Q

Why is it important for a veterinarian to know what environment in which bacteria grow best?

A

Important to know for proper storage and transport

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17
Q

Examples of obligate intracellular pathogens

A

Rickettsia

Chlamydia

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18
Q

Virulence is dependent on

A

Number of organisms

Virulence factors

Status of host immune response

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19
Q

Gram positive bacteria retain crystal violet stain due to ________________

A

Gram positive bacteria retain crystal violet stain due to thick peptidoglycan layer

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20
Q

Exotoxins

A

Proteins produced inside pathogenic bacteria, secreted or released into the surrounding medium following lysis

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21
Q

Stages of bacterial growth include

A

Lag phase

Log phase

Stationary phase

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22
Q

Sir John McFadyean

A

Founder of Modern Veterinary Research

Expanded discipline of veterinary pathology and built bridges across human and veterinary fields in infectious disease and comparative medicine

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23
Q

E. coli fimbrial antigen in neonatal pigs

A

K88

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24
Q

Obligate Anaerobe

A

Organism will not grow in the presence of oxygen

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25
Q

Endotoxin

A

Lipid portions of LPS that are part of the outer membrane of teh cell wall of gram negative bacteria, liberated when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks down.

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26
Q

E. coli fimbrial antigen in neonatal calves

A

K99

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27
Q

Diphtheria toxin, Botulinum toxin and Shiga toxin are examples of ___________ genes.

A

Diphtheria toxin, Botulinum toxin and Shiga toxin are examples of bacteriophage genes.

28
Q

Explain the mechanism of action used by quorum sensing bacteria

A

Bacteria quietly grow in number

When population reaches desired level bacterial changes in behavior, appearance and metabolism occur

Changes culminate in an infection that can ambush and overwhelm immune defenses

29
Q

Structures used by bacteria to penetrate or evade host defenses

A

Capsules

Cell Wall Components

Enzymes

Antigenic Variation

Invasins

Intracellular Growth

30
Q

Structures used by bacteria to cause damage to the host cells

A

Siderophores

Direct Damage

Toxins (Endo/Exo)

Lysogenic Conversion

Cytopathic Effects

31
Q

Endoflagella (Axial Filaments) are typically see in ____________ bacteria.

A

Endoflagella (Axial Filaments) are typically see in spirochete bacteria.

32
Q

Example of facultative intracellular pathogen

A

Mycobacterium

33
Q

Generally, bacteria are (extracellular/intracellular) pathogens.

A

Generally, bacteria are (extracellular/intracellular) pathogens.

34
Q

Leukocidins

A

Membrane disrupting toxins that kill white blood cells

35
Q

Superantigens

A

Toxins produced by some pathogens that cause non-specific activation of T Cells resulting in polycolonal T cell activation and cytokine release

36
Q

Gram positive bacteria stain _________

A

Gram positive bacteria stain purple

___________

Retain the Crystal Violet

37
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Cross linked polymer with repeating subunits of N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl muramic acid

38
Q

Biofilm

A

Extracellular substance formed by masses of microbes coming together to cling to surfaces, takes in nutrients

39
Q

Membranes of mycobacteria contain __________

A

Membranes of mycobacteria contain mycolic acid

40
Q

Opportunistic Pathogens

A

Do not cause disease in healthy host with healthy immune system

41
Q

Bacterial Virulence Factors

A

Properties or traits found in isolates that cause disease but which are not found in isolates of the same species that lack ability to cause disease

42
Q

Virulence

A

Degree of pathogenicity

43
Q

Facultative Anaerobe

A

Organism where oxygen is not required, but when available can be utilized for growth

44
Q

Gram negative bacteria stain __________

A

Gram negative bacteria stain pink

_______________________

Pick up Safranin

45
Q

Hemolysins

A

Membrane disrupting toxins that destroy erythrocytes

46
Q

Endoflagella (Axial Filaments)

A

Appendages present in the periplasmic space

47
Q

Capnophilic

A

Organism requires carbon dioxide for growth

48
Q

Endospores

A

Survivial mechanism produced by some bacteria when essential nutrients are depleted.

49
Q

Phylogeny

A

Science dealing with evolutionary relationship between living organisms

50
Q

Microaerophilic

A

Organism requires only small amount of oxygen for growth

51
Q

Describe the mechanism of action for A-B toxins

A

B subunit binds the cell

Complete toxin is taken into the cell

A and B subunits separate

A subunit enzymatically kills the cell

52
Q

Human Microbiome

A

Sequence of human genome

53
Q

Nosocomial Infections

A

Hospital acquired infections

54
Q

(Exotoxins/Endotoxins) are most common among gram positive bacteria as part of thier growth and metabolism.

A

(Exotoxins/Endotoxins) are most common among gram positive bacteria as part of thier growth and metabolism.

55
Q

___________ are used for phylogenic sequencing

A

Ribosomes are used for phylogenic sequencing

56
Q

Quorum Sensing

A

Bacteria that produce and release chemical signal molecules that increase in concentration as a function of density

57
Q

__________ and ____________ may carry genes for antibiotic resistance, toxins, capsules and fimbriae and can mediate transfer of virulence factors

A

Plasmids and bacteriophages may carry genes for antibiotic resistance, toxins, capsules and fimbriae and can mediate transfer of virulence factors

58
Q

Transduction

A

Process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus

59
Q

Processes by which bacteria transfer virulence factors

A

Tranduction

Conjugation

Transformation

60
Q

_______________ found in the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria, stimulate the immune system to cause a fever when released into the blood stream.

A

Lipopolysaccharide found in the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria, stimulate the immune system to cause a fever when released into the blood stream.

61
Q

Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) Test

A

Uses the blood of a horshoe crab to test for Lipid A endotoxin

___________________

Used in the pharmaceutical industry

62
Q

Capsule

A

Polysaccharide outer coating of the bacteria, helps the organism evade phagocytosis

63
Q

_________ is unique to bacteria

A

Peptidoglycan is unique to bacteria

64
Q

Pili (Fimbriae)

A

Small thread like structures. Facilitate adherence to the host tissue and contribute to antigenicity.

65
Q

True Pathogens

A

Equipped with virulence genes for adherence, invasion, evasion from the immune system and toxins

66
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Ability of a pathogen to produce a disease by overcoming the defense mechanisms of the host

67
Q

Tetanus Neurotoxin and Staphylococcus Enterotoxin are examples of __________ genes.

A

Tetanus Neurotoxin and Staphylococcus Enterotoxin are examples of plasmid genes.

RUSVM Bacteriology (21 decks)

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