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General Review Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Genes are present in ribosomes

A

False

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2
Q

Outer membrane of gram negative bacteria contains _________________

A

Outer membrane of gram negative bacteria contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

_____________________________

Toxic. Causes fever by stimulating the immune system when released into the blood

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3
Q

Aerotolerant Anaerobe

A

Organism grows better without oxygen, but will not die in the presence of it.

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4
Q

_________ have specific fimbrial antigens that can be detected by antibody tests.

A

E. coli have specific fimbrial antigens that can be detected by antibody tests.

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5
Q

Flagella

A

Appendages used for locomotion/ motility, the number and arrangement can be used for identification of bacterial species

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6
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Virus particles which attack bacteria

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7
Q

Dipicolinic Acid

A

Organic acid that protects the endospore from damage

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8
Q

Common measurements of bacterial growth

A

Colony counting

Turbidimetry

Flow cytometry

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9
Q

Peptidoglycan is a cross linked polymer with repeating subunits of ________________ and ___________________.

A

Peptidoglycan is a cross linked polymer with repeating subunits of N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl muramic acid.

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10
Q

Peptidoglycan is resposible for what in cells:

A

Cell Shape

Staining Qualities

Osmotic Stability

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11
Q

Conjugation

A

Process by which one bacterium (with fertility factor) transfers genetic material to another through direct contact

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12
Q

Transformation

A

Genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surrounding and taken up through the cell membranes

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13
Q

Lipd A is considered an (endotoxin/exotoxin)

A

Lipd A is considered an (endotoxin/exotoxin)

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14
Q

Aerobic

A

Organism requires oxygen for growth

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15
Q

Plasmid

A

Small circular DNA present in bacteria

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16
Q

Why is it important for a veterinarian to know what environment in which bacteria grow best?

A

Important to know for proper storage and transport

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17
Q

Examples of obligate intracellular pathogens

A

Rickettsia

Chlamydia

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18
Q

Virulence is dependent on

A

Number of organisms

Virulence factors

Status of host immune response

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19
Q

Gram positive bacteria retain crystal violet stain due to ________________

A

Gram positive bacteria retain crystal violet stain due to thick peptidoglycan layer

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20
Q

Exotoxins

A

Proteins produced inside pathogenic bacteria, secreted or released into the surrounding medium following lysis

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21
Q

Stages of bacterial growth include

A

Lag phase

Log phase

Stationary phase

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22
Q

Sir John McFadyean

A

Founder of Modern Veterinary Research

Expanded discipline of veterinary pathology and built bridges across human and veterinary fields in infectious disease and comparative medicine

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23
Q

E. coli fimbrial antigen in neonatal pigs

A

K88

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24
Q

Obligate Anaerobe

A

Organism will not grow in the presence of oxygen

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25
Endotoxin
Lipid portions of LPS that are part of the outer membrane of teh cell wall of gram negative bacteria, liberated when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks down.
26
E. coli fimbrial antigen in neonatal calves
K99
27
Diphtheria toxin, Botulinum toxin and Shiga toxin are examples of ___________ genes.
Diphtheria toxin, Botulinum toxin and Shiga toxin are examples of **bacteriophage** genes.
28
Explain the mechanism of action used by quorum sensing bacteria
Bacteria quietly grow in number When population reaches desired level bacterial changes in behavior, appearance and metabolism occur Changes culminate in an infection that can ambush and overwhelm immune defenses
29
Structures used by bacteria to penetrate or evade host defenses
Capsules Cell Wall Components Enzymes Antigenic Variation Invasins Intracellular Growth
30
Structures used by bacteria to cause damage to the host cells
Siderophores Direct Damage Toxins (Endo/Exo) Lysogenic Conversion Cytopathic Effects
31
Endoflagella (Axial Filaments) are typically see in ____________ bacteria.
Endoflagella (Axial Filaments) are typically see in **spirochete** bacteria.
32
Example of facultative intracellular pathogen
Mycobacterium
33
Generally, bacteria are (extracellular/intracellular) pathogens.
Generally, bacteria are (**extracellular**/intracellular) pathogens.
34
Leukocidins
Membrane disrupting toxins that kill white blood cells
35
Superantigens
Toxins produced by some pathogens that cause non-specific activation of T Cells resulting in polycolonal T cell activation and cytokine release
36
Gram positive bacteria stain \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Gram positive bacteria stain **purple** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Retain the Crystal Violet
37
Peptidoglycan
Cross linked polymer with repeating subunits of N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl muramic acid
38
Biofilm
Extracellular substance formed by masses of microbes coming together to cling to surfaces, takes in nutrients
39
Membranes of mycobacteria contain \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Membranes of mycobacteria contain **mycolic acid**
40
Opportunistic Pathogens
Do not cause disease in healthy host with healthy immune system
41
Bacterial Virulence Factors
Properties or traits found in isolates that cause disease but which are not found in isolates of the same species that lack ability to cause disease
42
Virulence
Degree of pathogenicity
43
Facultative Anaerobe
Organism where oxygen is not required, but when available can be utilized for growth
44
Gram negative bacteria stain \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Gram negative bacteria stain **pink** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Pick up Safranin
45
Hemolysins
Membrane disrupting toxins that destroy erythrocytes
46
Endoflagella (Axial Filaments)
Appendages present in the periplasmic space
47
Capnophilic
Organism requires carbon dioxide for growth
48
Endospores
Survivial mechanism produced by some bacteria when essential nutrients are depleted.
49
Phylogeny
Science dealing with evolutionary relationship between living organisms
50
Microaerophilic
Organism requires only small amount of oxygen for growth
51
Describe the mechanism of action for A-B toxins
B subunit binds the cell Complete toxin is taken into the cell A and B subunits separate A subunit enzymatically kills the cell
52
Human Microbiome
Sequence of human genome
53
Nosocomial Infections
Hospital acquired infections
54
(Exotoxins/Endotoxins) are most common among gram positive bacteria as part of thier growth and metabolism.
(**Exotoxins**/Endotoxins) are most common among gram positive bacteria as part of thier growth and metabolism.
55
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are used for phylogenic sequencing
**Ribosomes** are used for phylogenic sequencing
56
Quorum Sensing
Bacteria that produce and release chemical signal molecules that increase in concentration as a function of density
57
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and ____________ may carry genes for antibiotic resistance, toxins, capsules and fimbriae and can mediate transfer of virulence factors
**Plasmids** and **bacteriophages** may carry genes for antibiotic resistance, toxins, capsules and fimbriae and can mediate transfer of virulence factors
58
Transduction
Process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus
59
Processes by which bacteria transfer virulence factors
Tranduction Conjugation Transformation
60
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ found in the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria, stimulate the immune system to cause a fever when released into the blood stream.
**Lipopolysaccharide** found in the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria, stimulate the immune system to cause a fever when released into the blood stream.
61
Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) Test
Uses the blood of a horshoe crab to test for Lipid A endotoxin \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Used in the pharmaceutical industry
62
Capsule
Polysaccharide outer coating of the bacteria, helps the organism evade phagocytosis
63
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is unique to bacteria
**Peptidoglycan** is unique to bacteria
64
Pili (Fimbriae)
Small thread like structures. Facilitate adherence to the host tissue and contribute to antigenicity.
65
True Pathogens
Equipped with virulence genes for adherence, invasion, evasion from the immune system and toxins
66
Pathogenicity
Ability of a pathogen to produce a disease by overcoming the defense mechanisms of the host
67
Tetanus Neurotoxin and Staphylococcus Enterotoxin are examples of __________ genes.
Tetanus Neurotoxin and Staphylococcus Enterotoxin are examples of **plasmid** genes.

RUSVM Bacteriology (21 decks)

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