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RUSVM Bacteriology > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we administer antimicrobials in combinations?

A

Obtain antimicrobial synergism

Treat polymicrobial infections

Decrease the emergence of resistance

Reduce drug toxicity

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2
Q

Beta Lactams and Aminoglycosides given together to give a ____________ effect.

A

Beta Lactams and Aminoglycosides given together to give a synergistic effect.

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3
Q

Classes of antimicrobials that act on the cell wall/ cell membrane

A

Beta Lactams

Glycopeptides

Bacitracin

Polymyxin

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4
Q

Types of antimicrobial resistance

A

Innate Resistance

Acquired Resistance

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5
Q

Mechanism of action of antimetabolite antifungal drugs

A

Act as an inhibitor of both DNA and RNA synthesis

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6
Q

Examples of natural antibiotics

A

Streptomycin

Penicillin

Tetracycline

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7
Q

Semi-Synthetic Antibiotics

A

Chemically altered natural compound

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8
Q

Antimicrobial

A

Drugs that destroy microbes, prevent their multiplication or growth or prevent their pathogenic effect

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9
Q

Susceptibility result - R

A

High likelihood of therapeutic failure

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10
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Inhibit bacteria

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11
Q

Susceptibility result - S

A

High likelihood of therapeutic success

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12
Q

Factors to consider in antimicrobial therapy

A

Cost

Safety

Ease of Use

Possible Emergence of Resistance

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13
Q

Classes of antimicrobials that act on protein synthesis

A

Tetracyclines

Macrolides

Aminoglycosides

Chloramphenicol

Lincosamides

Streptogramins

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14
Q

Mechanism of action of polyene antifungal drugs

A

Interact with sterols in the cell membrane

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15
Q

Susceptibility Break Point

A

Drug concentration above which an organism is considered resistant and at or below this value organism is susceptible to the drug

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16
Q

Tetracycline is a ________ spectrum antibiotic

A

Tetracycline is a broad spectrum antibiotic

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17
Q

Acquired Resistance

A

Acquired resistance by mutation or horizontal gene transfer

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18
Q

Bacteriocidal

A

Kills bacteria

19
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

Discovered penicillin

20
Q

To proceed with antimicrobial treatment, the veterinarian should know

A

Location of the infection

Likely pathogen

Antimicrobials effective against particular pathogen in particular site

21
Q

Antimicrobial Agent

A

Chemical substance derived from a biological source or produced by a cheical synthesis that kills or inhabits the growth of microorganisms

22
Q

Susceptibility result - I

A

Uncertain therapeutic outcome

23
Q

Examples of synthetic antibiotics

A

Sulfonamide

Enrofloxacin

Marbofloxacin

24
Q

Examples of semi-synthetic antibiotics

A

Ampicillin, Amikacin

25
Q

Classes of antimicrobials that act on nucleic acid synthesis

A

Sulfonamides/Trimethoprim

Nitroimidazoles/ Nitrofurans

Fluroquinolones

Novobiocin

Rifampin

26
Q

Classification of Antimicrobial agents is based on

A

Chemical family structure

Mode of action

Type of antimicrobial activity

Spectrum of antimicrobial activity

27
Q

Innate Resistance

A

Pre-existing genomic property that causes resistance

28
Q

Examples of Antifungal Drugs

A

Polyens

Azoles

29
Q

Three break point values are

A

Susceptible

Intermediate

Resistant

30
Q

Natural (True) Antibiotics

A

Produced by bacteria or fungus

31
Q

Antibiotic

A

Chemical substance produced by a microorganism that inhabits the growth of or kills other microorganisms

32
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Effect of the drug on the body, mechanism of action and efficacy

33
Q

Synthetic Antibiotics

A

Chemically designed in the lab

34
Q

Disk Diffusion (Kirby Bauer)

A

Bacterial isolate in pure culture

Spread on agar plate

Single-concentration antimicrobial disks used

Growth inhibition zone diameter measured

Compared to published reference break points

35
Q

Mechanism of action of azole antifungal drugs

A

Inhibit cytochrome P450 dependent enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of ergosterol

36
Q

Antifungal drugs target ________.

A

Antifungal drugs target ergosterols.

37
Q

Narrow Spectrum Antibiotic

A

Affect only a narrow range of bacteria

38
Q

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

A

Minimum amount of drug required to inhibit bacterial growth

39
Q

Mechanisms of Resistance

A

Enzymatic destruction or inactivation

Prevention of penetration to target sites within microbe

Alteration of drug target site

Rapid efflux of antibiotics

40
Q

Penicillin is a _________ spectrum antibiotic

A

Penicillin is a narrow spectrum antibiotic

41
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Fate of the drug in the body

_______________________

Absorption, Transformation, Distribution and Elimination

42
Q

Broad Spectrum Antibiotic

A

Active against a wide variety of bacteria

43
Q

Mechanism of action of allyamine and morpholine antifungal drugs

A

Inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis

44
Q

Broth Dilution

A

Multiple dilutions of antimicrobial agents

Published reference breakpoints to interpret

Measure and report growth inhibition endpoint

RUSVM Bacteriology (21 decks)

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